Chapter 19

Question 1

Biologists have developed hypotheses for the evolution of chordate groups using

Answer 1

-Anatomical, molecular, and fossil evidence.

Question 2

Hagfishes and lampreys

Answer 2

• have a notochard
• lack hinged jaws
• These are fish used to establish a lineage of other fish with heads (craniates)

Question 3

Jawed vertebrates:

Answer 3

quickly diversified using their paired fins and tail to chase a wide variety of prey.

Question 4

Jawed vertebrates jaws may have evolved by modifications of skeletal supports of the __________________.

Answer 4

anterior pharyngeal (gil) slits

Question 5

The remaining gill slits remained as sites of ___________.

Answer 5

Gas exchange

Question 6

3 lineages of jawed fishes with gills.

Answer 6

• chondrichthyans- sharks and rays
• ray-finned fishes- tuna, trout, and goldfish
• lobe-finned fishes- coelacanths and lungfish

Question 7

Chondrichthyans

Answer 7

Sharks and rays

Question 8

ray-finned fishes

Answer 8

tuna, trout, and goldfish

Question 9

lobe-finned fishes

Answer 9

coelacanths and lungfish

Question 10

Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of _______.

Answer 10

Cartiage

Question 11

Chondrichthyans also have electrosensors on their _____.

Answer 11

head

Question 12

Chondrichthyans have a ________________ which contains sensory ograns helping these organisms sense a change in temperature or water pressure.

Answer 12

lateral line system

Question 13

Ray-finned fishes have an internal skeleton reinforced with a hard martrix of _____________.

Answer 13

calcium phosphate

Question 14

Ray-finned fishes have flattened scales covered with mucus, an ___________ that covers a chamber of gills, and a buoyant ___________.

Answer 14

operculum

swim bladder

Question 15

Lobe-finned fish

Answer 15

Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins that are supported by rod-shaped bones

Question 16

3 lineages of lobe-fins survive:

Answer 16

1. coelacanths, living deep in the oceans, were once thought to be extinct.
2. lungfishes, which can gulp air into lungs, inhabit stagnant waters in the Southern Hemisphere
3. tetrapods, adapted to life on land, include terrestrial vertebrates

Question 17

Tetrapods are

Answer 17

jawed vertebrates with limbs and feet that can support weight on land

Question 18

Tetrapods are considered to have evolved from lineage of __________ fish.

Answer 18

Lobe-finned

Question 19

________ was a key event in vertebrate history, and all subsequent groups are considered descendants of these early land dwellers.

Answer 19

adapting to life on land

Question 20

Like plants, vertebrates faced obstacles on land for example

Answer 20

• gas exchange
• water conservation
• structural support
• a means of locomotion
• adapting sensory organs that worked well in water but on land
• reproduction

Question 21

Amphibians

Answer 21

Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

Question 22

Amphibians use their moist skin to supplement their lungs for gas exchange, they also (4)

Answer 22

• often have poison glands in their skins
• usually return to standing water to reproduce
• undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to the adult

Question 23

Amphibians are

Answer 23

tetrapods

Question 24

Reptiles are

Answer 24

Amniotes

Question 25

Reptile (including birds) and mammals are _______

Answer 25

amniotes

Question 26

In Amniotes the major derived character of this clade is an __________ with four internal membranes.

Answer 26

Amniotic egg

Question 27

1)In Amniotes The ______ is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo

Answer 27

amnion

Question 28

2)in Amniotes The ______ contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

Answer 28

yolk sac

Question 29

3) In Amniotes the allantois also helps dispose of __________

Answer 29

metabolic waste

Question 30

4) In Amniotes the _______ (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.

Answer 30

Chorion

Question 31

Reptiles:

Answer 31

Lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs

Question 32

Reptiles have skin covered with scales and waterproofed with ________.

Answer 32

Keratin

Question 33

Reptiles obtain most of their oxygen using lungs, and are ________, absorbing external heat rather then generating much of their own.

Answer 33

Ectothermic

Question 34

Most ___ can fly, and nearly every part of their bodies reflects features that enhance flight.

Answer 34

Birds

Question 35

In birds their bodies reflect features that enhance flight 2)

Answer 35

- the forelimbs have been remodeled as feather-covered wings that act as airfoils - Large flight muscles anchored to a central ridge along the breastbone provide power

Question 36

Many features help reduce weight for flight: (4)

Answer 36

- present-day birds lack teeth - the tail is supported by only a few small vertebrae - feathers have hollow shafts - their bones have a hollow honey combed structure that make them strong but light weight

Question 37

-were the first tetrapods able to move on land

Answer 37

Amphibians

Question 38

Unlike reptiles, birds are __________ (warm bodied) using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

Answer 38

endothermic

Question 39

Birds have relatively large brains and display complex behavior. They have

Answer 39

- acute senses - fine muscle control - excellent eyesight

Question 40

Birds are considered to have evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called __________.

Answer 40

Theropods

Question 41

________ is the oldest, most primitive known bird (150 million years old) with feathered wings.

Answer 41

Archaeopteryx

Question 42

Mammals are endothermic amniotes with

Answer 42

- hair, which insulates their bodies and | - mammary gland, which produce milk

Question 43

Mammals have efficient _______ and _______ systems that support their high rate of metabolism

Answer 43

Respiratory | circulatory

Question 44

Monotremes are __________. living monotremes

Answer 44

egg-laying mammals

Question 45

Platypus and echidnas

Answer 45

monotremes

Question 46

unlike monotremes, the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by a ________, in which nutrients from the mothers blood diffuse into the embryo's blood,

Answer 46

Placenta

Question 47

Marsupials

Answer 47

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mothers nipples

Question 48

Eutherians

Answer 48

are mammals that bear fully developed live young. They are commonly called plancental mammals because their placentas are more complex than those of marsupials

Question 49

The mammalian order primates include

Answer 49

the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys and apes

Question 50

Primates probably arose as small arboreal mammals before ________, when dinosaurs still dominated the plant.

Answer 50

65 million years ago

Question 51

Many primate characters are arboreal adaptations (4)

Answer 51

- shoulder and hip joints allow climbing and brachiation - Grasping hands and feet are highly mobile and flexible - sensitive hands and feet aid in manipulation - a short snout and forward-pointing eyes enchance depth percetion

Question 52

A _________ shows that all primates are divided into three groups.

Answer 52

Phylogenetic tree

Question 53

What are the three groups that the phylogenetic tree divide primates into

Answer 53

1. lemurs, lories, and pottos 2. tarsiers 3. anthropoids, including monkeys and apes with a fully opposable thumbs in which the tip of all four fingers can touch the thumb

Question 54

Monkeys are characterized in 1 or 2 groups

Answer 54

old world monkeys | new world monkeys

Question 55

old world monkeys

Answer 55

lack a prehensile tail and have nostrils that open downward

Question 56

new world monkeys

Answer 56

have a prehensile tail and nostrils that are wide open and farther apart

Question 57

In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid group includes ____.

Answer 57

apes

Question 58

Apes include

Answer 58

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonoboos, and humans

Question 59

Lack a tail have relatively long arms and short legs have relatively larger brains with respect to size

Answer 59

Apes

Question 60

Are monogamous and the only fully orborealapes

Answer 60

Gibbsons

Question 61

are shy, solitary, and live in rain-forest trees and the forest floors

Answer 61

Orangutans

Question 62

are the largest of the apes and fully terrestrial

Answer 62

gorillas

Question 63

make and use tools

Answer 63

Chimpanzees

Question 64

is the study of human origins and evolution, the brief history since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees lineages.

Answer 64

Paleoanthropology

Question 65

Paleoanthropologists have identified about 20 species of extinct _______, which are considered a species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

Answer 65

Hominins

Question 66

Although humans and chimpanzees are similar in many respects, they also differ in that humans.________.

Answer 66

walk up right and have larger brains

Question 67

Brain size and ________ are features used to identify the evolution of hominins

Answer 67

bipedalism

Question 68

__________ is considered to have evolved millions of years before larger brain size. Evidence of bipedalism includes morphology, fossils and fossilized footprints.

Answer 68

bipedalism

Question 69

________ had such small brains (400-450cc) that they were too small to be members of Homo

Answer 69

Australopiths

Question 70

_______ had a brain size of 510-690 cc. Their fossils are found with stone tools

Answer 70

Homo habilis

Question 71

________ & ________ had a brain size ranging from 750 to 850 cc. Fossils are found with more sophisticated stone tools and long, slender legs for extensive walking

Answer 71

Homo ergaster & homo erectus

Question 72

______________ (neanderthals) considered to have lived up to 28,000 years ago. they had brains as large as modern humans, and multiple tools, hunted large animals.

Answer 72

Homo neanderthalensis

Question 73

_________ has brain size of around 1,300 cc

Answer 73

Homo sapiens

Question 74

Analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosomes suggests that all living humans

Answer 74

inherited their mtDNA from a women who lived 160,000-200,000 years ago.