Chapter 24

Question 1

The expanding human population threatens (2)

Answer 1

• Biodiversity

- the loss of natural ecosystem

Question 2

Healthy ecosystem (4)

Answer 2

• Purify air and water
• Decompose waste
• Recycle nutrients
• Pollinate crops

Question 3

• Other individuals in its own population
• Population of other species living in the same ares
• An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction is called a community

Answer 3

An organism’s biotic environment

Question 4

An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction is called a ____________.

Answer 4

community

Question 5

__________are interactions between species. Classified according to effect organisms involved

Answer 5

interspecific interaction

Question 6

____ interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource.

Answer 6

Negative/Negative (-/-)

Question 7

____ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators

Answer 7

Positive/Positive (+/+)

Question 8

___ Interactions occur when one population benefits and the other is harmed, such as in predation

Answer 8

Positive/Negative (-/+)

Question 9

In ______________, the population growth of a species may be limited

Answer 9

Interspecific competition (-/-)

Question 10

In interspecific competition the population growth of a species may be limited by (2)

Answer 10

• The population densities of competing species

- By the density of its own population

Question 11

An ecological _______ is the sum of an organism’s abiotic and biotic resources in its environments

Answer 11

Niche

Question 12

___________ occurs when the niches of two populations overlap.

Answer 12

Interspecific competition

Question 13

The _________________ states that if two species have an ecological niche that is too similar, the two species cannot coexist in the same place.

Answer 13

Competitive exclusion principle

Question 14

These different species of warblers have an ecological niche that overlaps, leading to ______________,

Answer 14

Interspecific competition

Question 15

________both species benefit from an interaction

Answer 15

Mutualism(+/+)

Question 16

An example of mutualism includes (2)

Answer 16

reef-building corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates

Question 17

The photosynthetic dinoflagellates (3)

Both organisms benefits

Answer 17

• gain shelter in the cells of each coral polyp
• produce sugar used by the polyps
• provide at least half of the enegry used by the coral animals

Question 18

refers to an interaction in which one species (the predator) kills and eats another (the prey)

Answer 18

Predation(+/-)

Question 19

Numerous adaptations for predator avoidance have evolved in prey populations through ____________.

Answer 19

natural selection

Question 20

Camouflage

Answer 20

Cryptic coloration

Question 21

Cryptic coloration

Answer 21

A way for prey to hide from predators

Question 22

Brightly colored pattern

Answer 22

Warning coloration

Question 23

Warning coloration

Answer 23

-Way to warn predators that an animal has an effective chemical defense

Question 24

Animals look like another species

Answer 24

Mimicry

Question 25

is the consumption of plant part or algae by an animals

Answer 25

Herbivory (+/-)

Question 26

Herbivores and plants undergo ___________.

Answer 26

coevolution

Question 27

Herbivores and plants undergo coevolution (2)

Answer 27

- a series of reciprocal evolutionary adaptation in two species - in which change in one species acts as a new selective force on another

Question 28

A plant whose body parts have been eaten by an animal must expend energy to replace the loss

Answer 28

Thus, numerous defenses against herbivores have evolved in plants

Question 29

Plants defenses against herbivores include

Answer 29

- spines and thorns | - chemical toxins

Question 30

Parasites and pathogens are

Answer 30

(+/-)

Question 31

Plants can animals can be a victims of

Answer 31

Parasites internal parasites external parasites pathogens

Question 32

Parasites, an organism that live in or on a ____ from which it obtains nutrients

Answer 32

Host

Question 33

Internal parasites include

Answer 33

nematodes and tapeworms

Question 34

External parasites include

Answer 34

mosquitoes, ticks, and aphids

Question 35

Pathogens are disease-causing microscopic parasites

Answer 35

- Bacteria - viruses - fungi - protist

Question 36

_______is the feeding relationship among the various species in a community

Answer 36

Trophic structure

Question 37

A community trophic structure determines the passage of energy and nutrients from plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Answer 37

- To herbivores | - then to predators

Question 38

The trophic level that supports all other trophic levels consists of autotrophs, also called

Answer 38

producers

Question 39

All organisms in trophic levels above the producers are heterotrophs, or

Answer 39

consumers

Question 40

Primary consumers are called ______, which eat plants

Answer 40

herbivores

Question 41

Above the level of primary consumers are carnivores, which eat the consumers from the level below

Answer 41

secondary consumers tertiary consumers quaternary consumers

Question 42

Energy is lost as it moves each trophic level, limiting the number of trophic levels an ________ can sustain.

Answer 42

ecosystem

Question 43

_____, which are often called scavengers, consume detritus, the dead material left by all trophic levels

Answer 43

Detritivores

Question 44

_______ are prokaryotes and fungi, which screte enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them into inorganic forms

Answer 44

Decomposers

Question 45

a_______ is a network of interconnecting food chains

Answer 45

food web

Question 46

In food webs

Answer 46

- consumers may eat more than one type of produce | - several species of consumers may feed on the same species of producers

Question 47

A______ shows multiple interaction among producers, predators, and prey which is a better representation of what occurs in nature

Answer 47

foods web

Question 48

_______ is concerned with the number of different species and their relative abundance in community

Answer 48

species diversity

Question 49

Species diversity is important in ecosystems because it makes them more productive and enables them to ______________________________.

Answer 49

rebound much fast if faced with a disturbance

Question 50

Although each of these woodlots has the same number of species,

Answer 50

woodlot b is considered more diverse

Question 51

A___________is a species whose impact on its community is larger than its biomass or abundance indicates and occupies a niche that holds the rest of its community in place

Answer 51

Keystone species

Question 52

some examples of keystone species in marine ecosystems include

Answer 52

- Pisaster sea star because they keep the population of mussels in a marine environment in check - without Pisaster, mussels would completely dominate many marine habitats

Question 53

_______: are events that damage biological communities

Answer 53

Disturbances

Question 54

Disturbances include

Answer 54

Storms, fires, flood, droughts, overgrazing, or human activity

Question 55

The types, frequency, and severity of disturbances varies from

Answer 55

community to community

Question 56

after a disturbance an ecological

Answer 56

succession follows

Question 57

________ is the colonization of a species in a given habitat after a disturbance

Answer 57

ecological succession

Question 58

Primary succession begins in a virtually lifeless area with no soil ex:

Answer 58

volcanoes and glacial activity

Question 59

Secondary succession occurs when a distrubance destroys an existing community but leaves the soil intact ex:

Answer 59

fires and floods

Question 60

___________: are organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by humans actions

Answer 60

Invasive species

Question 61

Invasive species

Answer 61

- have established themselves at the expense of native communities - The absence of natural enemies often allow rapid population growth of invasive species

Question 62

Example of invasive species include the deliberate introduction of

Answer 62

- rabbits into australia | - cane toads into australia

Question 63

__________ include essential elements and chemicals needed throughout different levels or an ecosystem

Answer 63

Biogeochemicals cycles

Question 64

Biogeochemical cycle include

Answer 64

Biotic components | Abiotic components

Question 65

Biogeochemical cycles can be

Answer 65

-local or global

Question 66

Carbon is

Answer 66

the major ingredient of all organic molecules

Question 67

found in the atmosphere, fossil fuel, dissolved in cabon compound in ocean

Answer 67

carbon

Question 68

The return of CO2 to the atmosphere by respiration closely balances its removal by _______________.

Answer 68

Photosynthesis

Question 69

The carbon cycle is affected by

Answer 69

Burning wood and fossil fuels

Question 70

Organisms require phosphorus for

Answer 70

nucleic acids, phospholipds, and atp

Question 71

The________ does not have an atmospheric component

Answer 71

Phosphorus cycle

Question 72

_____ are the only source of phosphorus for terrestrial ecosystem

Answer 72

rocks

Question 73

_____ absorb phosphate ions in the soil and build them into organic compounds

Answer 73

Plants

Question 74

Phosphates are returned to the soil by _________.

Answer 74

decomposers

Question 75

Phosphate levels in ________ are typically low enough to be a limiting factor

Answer 75

aquatic ecosystem

Question 76

Nitrogen is an ingredient of proteins and nucleic acids(2)

Answer 76

- essential to the structure and functioning of all organisms, and - a crucial and often limiting plant nutrients

Question 77

Nitrogen has two abiotic reservoirs

Answer 77

1) theatmosphere of which about 80% is nitrogen gas | 2) soil

Question 78

Nitrogen fixation (2)

Answer 78

- converts N2 to compounds of nitrogen that can be used by plants - is carried out by some bacteria

Question 79

Although agricultural and other managed ecosystems are necessary to supply our needs, we also depend on services provided by _________.

Answer 79

natural ecosystems

Question 80

Healthy ecosystems (4)

Answer 80

- supply freshwater and some food - recycle nutrients - decompose wastes - regulate climate and air quality