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Biology 100 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is molecule biology?

A

the scientific study of life at the molecular level

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2
Q

An understanding of molecular biology may enable us to identify the function and nature of

A

Disease, bacteria, viruses
DNA, genes, inheritance
cancer

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3
Q

_____ is a molecule that stores the information to create and organism (The Blueprint)

A

DNA

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4
Q

Information stored in DNA can be ______ and _____passed on to the next generation.

A

copied and passed

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5
Q

What two type of nucleic acids can store genetic information?

A

DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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6
Q

DNA and RNA consist of monomers called ________.

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three components.

A

Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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8
Q

The sugar and the phosphate group form a strong support structure for the nitrogenous base known as.

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone.

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9
Q

Nucleotides in DNA include?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cyosine (C), Thymine (T)

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10
Q

Nucleotides in RNA include?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cyosine (C), Uracil (U)

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11
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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12
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C) Uracil (U), Thymine (T)

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13
Q

X-Ray cystallography data collected determined that DNA is a double helix

A

Roselind Frankin and maurice Wilkins, James Watson and Francis crick

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14
Q

Nitrogenous bases pair according to strict rules

A

A pairs with T and C pairs with G

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15
Q

During the cell cycle, a cell’s DNA has to be copied completely so each new cell will have a complete set of DNA in the form of ____________.

A

Chromosomes

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16
Q

Each of the two original DNA strands serves as a template based oh which two new stands of DNA are made by enzyme ______________.

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

One of the original two DNA strands is passed on to each of the new cells

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18
Q

How is DNA synthesized?

A

using the parent strand as a template

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19
Q

DNA replication spreads from specific origin

A

is bidirectional, adding nucleotides in each direction

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20
Q

Once DNA replication is completed it produces

A

Two daughter strands

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21
Q

The ___ of an organism (its genotype) is what controls how the organism looks and functions (its phenotype)

A

DNA

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22
Q

From one generation to the next, DNA is continually _______and _______down.

A

replicated and passed down

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23
Q

Because DNA is copied, passed down, then inherited during fertilization, we should have similar sequences of __________ in our genes as our parents.

A

Nucleotides

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24
Q

DNA is a set of stored sets of instructions (genes) to make ______.

A

proteins

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25
By __________RNA is generated from DNA from complementary base pairing.
Transcription
26
RNA is an ___________ to create protein.
Intermediate step
27
RNA is then _________ into proteins.
Translated
28
There are about _______ genes in the human genome, each of which _______specific protein.
30,000 | encodes
29
Not all proteins are produced all the time in all cells;
DNA is transcribed 1 gene at a time
30
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA determines the sequence of ______ in a protein.
Amino acid
31
How can each protein differ?
By their length, type of amino acid present or squence of amino acid
32
When DNA is transcribed
an RNA molecule is produced
33
After DNA is transcribed into an RNA molecule is produced the RNA molecule can then be translated into a sequence of ___________________________.
amino acids to make protein
34
3 consecutive RNA nucleotides is called?
Codon
35
One codon codes for one of ____ amino acids.
20
36
the information contained in one gene is used to as a template to make one ______________
RAN molecules
37
RAN sequences represent one gene of _____.
DNA
38
The enzymes _________________ is the enzyme which synthesizes RAN from DNA
RAN polymerase
39
RAN polymerase
It finds the starting and stopping points of the gene and it attaches RNA nucleotides in the correct order to make the RNA molecules
40
RAN nucleotides are brought in by RNA polymerase, then complementary base pair with DNA. this continues forming an RAN molecule from a DNA template. So,
the sequence of DNA determines the sequence of RNA!
41
The first phase of transcription is _________.
initiation
42
to begin transcription, RNA polymerase must detect a start sequence called____________
promoter
43
When the enzyme encounters a promoter sequence, it becomes attached to the __________.
DNA strand
44
this attachment must occur before RNA can be _______________. from DNA
tramscribed
45
The second phase of transcription is _________________.
elongation
46
During elongation, more and more nucleotides are attached to the growing RNA molecule, representing an ______________.
entire gene
47
The third phase of transcription is ______________.
termination
48
Near the end of each gene is a sequence of bases called a _____________________.
terminator sequence
49
When the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, it is stimulated to detach from the DNA template, and RNA synthesis stops ending transcription. This RNa is then processed into messenger RNA or mRNA by a process called ______________.
splicing
50
After an RNA transcript is generated from a DNA template, the RNA transcript is prepared for translation in a process called _____________.
splicing
51
The introns are edited out, and exons are spliced together. ____________________________.
This converts RNA into mRNA
52
During translation, the set of instructions on an RNA molecule is converted to an ____________ sequence.
Amino acid
53
Just as transcription was facilitated by an ______, translation requires the presence of other _______.
Enzyme | Molecules
54
What additional RNA molecules are needed to facilitate translation?
tRNA (transfer RNA) | rRNA (ribosomal RNA aka ribosomes)
55
tRNA brings amino acids to the ______.
mRNA
56
__________are 3 consecutive tRNA nucleotides which H-bond to corresponding mRNA condons
Anitcodons
57
each anticondon carriers with it __ amino acid
1
58
____________ are small organelles
ribosomes
59
Ribosomes are the site where amino acids are joined, and proteins _________ are made
precursor
60
Each ribosomes has _____________.
two subunits
61
Ribosomes are made from ______________.
ribosomal RNA (tRNA)
62
Translation has three phases what they?
initiation,elongation and termination
63
mRNA molecules have a ____ and ____ to help bind the ribosomal sununit.
cap and tail
64
What is the process of initiation?
mRna binds to the small ribosomal subunit, then an initiator tRNA anticondon molecule binds to the start condon (AUG) bringing with it Methionine (met)
65
Codon recognition
Subsequent mRNA codons attract incoming tRNA anitcodons in proper sequence. (in sets of 3 nucleotides per amino acid)
66
Peptide bond formation
The tibosome act as a catalyst and connects the growing amino acid tail with amino acid on the incoming tRNA
67
Translocation
empty tRNAs are released from the ribosome, incoming tRNA switch places, and the mRNA moves down one codon
68
_____ are recharged with amino acids using ATP
tRNA
69
What is the process of elongation
anticodons from tRNA bind with codons on mRNA in codon recognition peptide bond formation translation
70
Elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a _________.
Stop codon
71
_______ have no corresponding tRNA, so the ribosome disassembles, leaving a strand of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Stop codon
72
a mutation is a permanent change in the _____________________________.
nucleotide sequence of DNA
73
Mutations, especially in the __ or ___ base in a codon may change the amino acid sequence of a protein
1st | 2nd
74
Mutations within a gene can be divided into two general categoires which are.
Single base substitution can alter 1 amino acid in a protien insertions and deletions of nucleotide can cause a change in the entire reading frame
75
__________ sources that cause mutation
Mutagens
76
Although mutation are usuaaly always harmful to an organism, they are considered a driving force of _______________________.
diversity and variation
77
Viruses?
have some characteristics of living organisms they are not considered living because they lack certain cellular mechanism such as growth viruses can affect plants, animals and bacteria
78
Viruses that attack bacteria are called _________.
bacteriophages
79
lytic
cell explodes releasing more (lyses) virues
80
lysogenic
inserts there dna intp bacteria dna causing it to replicate with normal cells
81
HIV is a _______, an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecules
Retrovirus
82
Retro virus copy their RNA to DNA using the enzyme _____________.
reverse transcripition

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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