chapter 15- Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
regions of the adult brain
A
cerebrum diencephalon mesenecephalon cerebellum pons medulla olongata
2
Q
meninges of brain
A
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
3
Q
outermost layer of meninge. forms internal periosteum of the skull. no epidura
A
dura mater
4
Q
dura mater partitions
A
falx cerebelli
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
5
Q
dura mater partition–separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres
A
falx cerebelli
6
Q
dura mater partition– separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
A
falx cerebri
7
Q
dura mater partition– separates lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum
A
tertorium cerebelli
8
Q
meninge– spidery. spreads over brain but doesnt extend into grooves and depressions
A
arachnoid mater
9
Q
meninge– inner most layer. aids in nourishing brain. attached to surface of the brain
A
pia mater
10
Q
space that filled with CSF
A
ventricles
11
Q
the ventricles of the brain
A
2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle
12
Q
ventricle that is connected by interventricular foramen to the 3rd ventricle
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2 lateral ventricle
13
Q
ventricle that is connected by cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
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3rd ventricle
14
Q
ventricle that is connected to central canal of spinal cord
A
4th ventricle
15
Q
fxn of cerebrospinal fluid
A
cushion; transport nutrients, wastes, and other chemicals; support the brain
16
Q
formation of CSF
A
CSF taken from blood by ependymal cells and pooled in the ventricles. lobes are located in the ventricles, which consist of ependymal cells and permeable capillaries
17
Q
movement of the CSF
A
orignates in the ventricles– through apetures in the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space– through central canal– around subarachnoid space
18
Q
re-absorption of CSF
A
reabsorbed in the sagittal sinus– a large venous tube within the dura mater– extends along the midline of the cervical hemispheres– arachnoid extends into the sinus through arachnoid granultions– CSF goes back to the blood
19
Q
functions of the cerebrum
A
- interpret sensory impulses
- voluntary muscular movements
- memory
- reasoning process
- intelligence and personality
20
Q
hemispheres=?
connected by =?
separated by = ?
posses– ridges =? and grooves = ?
A
left and right
corpus collosum
longitudinal fissure
gyri, sulci
21
Q
communication between the two sides is allowed fir by…
A
corpus collosum
22
Q
cerebral grey matter is called
A
cell somas
23
Q
outer regions of the cerebral lobes– centralized in masses called basal nuclei
A
cell somas
24
Q
centralized masses in the cell soma of gray matter
A
basal nuclei
25
components of cerebral white matter
- myelinated axons
- commisural fibers
- association fibers
projection fibers
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part of the cerebral white matter-- connects corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres
commissural fibers
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part of cerebral white matter-- connects different parts of the same hemisphere
association fibers
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part of the cerebral white matter-- connects cerebrum to lower brain areas
projection fibers
29
cerebral lobes
```
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
```
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special sulci that divide the lobes of the cerebrum
central sulci
lateral sulci
parieto-occipital sulci
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cerebral sulci-- separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
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cerebral sulci-- separates the parietal lobe from the temporal
lateral sulcus
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cerebral sulci-- separates the parietal lobe fro the occipital
parieto-occipital sulcus
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- anterior to the central sulcus in frontal lobe
- conscious control of skeletal muscle
- learned motor skills
- speech and eye movements
primary motor cortex
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- posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe
- somatic sensory information from touch, pain, and pressure
- monitor environment consciously
primary sensory cortex
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cortex-- occipital lobe-- sight
visual cortex
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cortex-- temporal lobe-- sound
auditory cortex
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cortex-- temporal lobe-- smell
olfactory cortex
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cortex-- insula and frontal lobe-- taste
gustatory cortex
40
association areas (4)
somatic sensory
somatic motor
visual
auditory
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association area-- associates touch
somatic sensory association area
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association area-- learned skill-- muscle memory
somatic motor association area
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association area-- process and associate vision/ sight
visual motor association area
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association area-- associates things with sounds
auditory motor association area
45
higher order integrative regions of cerebrum
prefrontal cortex, broca's speech center, general interpretative area
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higher order integrative region of cerebrum. deals with abstract intellectual function, predictions, problem solving, emotional context and motivation, timing and temporal relationships
prefrontal cortex
47
higher order integrative region of the cerebrum-- regulates breathing and vocalization
broca's speech center
48
higher order integrative region of the cerebrum-- interpretation of both the written and verbal language; sentence structure and word linkage
general interpretative areas
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damage to either the broca's speech center or the general interpretative area =
aphasia
50
the idea that higher order integrative regions of the brain may be different between hemispheres
hemisphere dominance
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hemispheres that deals with speech, writing, and general interpretive area
categorical hemi
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hemisphere that deals with identification of familiar objects; touch and spatial analysis; emotional relevance
representational hemisphere
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masses of grey matter deep in cerebral hemisphere. acts as relay station for motor impulses starting in the cerebral cortex and passing to brain stem and spinal cord
basal nuclei
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basal nuclei (4)
claustrum, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus
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basal nuclei that; focuses visual attention and processes unconscious visual info
claustrum
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basal nuclei that; controls and adjusts muscle tone
lentiform nucleus
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basal nuclei; massive head and slender tail-- maintains pattern and rhythm of movement
caudate nucelus
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basal nuclei: tip of caudate tail-- part of limbic system (emotion)
amygdaloid nucleus
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parts of the diencephalon
epithalamus, posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, and hypothalamus
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found in the diencephalon-- central to the cerebrum-- divided into two major bodies-- divided by the 3rd ventricle. connected by the interthalamic adhesion
thalamus
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fxn of thalamus
- part of limbic system: emotion, memory. conscious awareness of emotions
- connect basal nuclei and cerebral cortex: to each other, other parts of the CNS
- sends sensory info to proper locations within the cerebrum
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hypothalamus location
below the thalamus; above and connected to the posterior pituitary gland
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hypothalamus fxn
- subconscious control of skel muscle
- coordinates autonomic nervous system
- connection between endocrine and nervous system
- directly produces hormones
- produces behavioral drives
- regulates body temperature
- controls sleep patterns
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connects brain and spinal cord with higher areas-- acts as central relay center. contains cerebral aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
mesencephalon
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part of midbrain that separated the 3rd and 4th ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
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parts of the mesencephalon (4)
ceredral peduncles, red nucleus, substania nigra, corpora quadrigemina
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mesencephalon-- only connecting fibers and no nuclei. the motor fibers connecting the cortex to the spinal cord-- sensory fibers that synapse with the thalamus
cerebral peduncles
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mesencephalon--- highly vascularized. connects cerebrum and cerebellum. controls posture and reflexes
red nucleus
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mesencephalon--- controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei. produces dopamine 9giving its black color). deterioration may lead to Parkinson's disease
substantia nigra
70
corpora quadragemina
superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
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part of corpora quadrigemina-- receives visual input from thalamus
superior colliculi
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part of corpora quadrigemina-- receives auditory input from medulla
inferior colliuli
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rounded bulge on underside of brain stem. separates midbrain from medulla. masses of gray matter and nerve fibers
pons
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relays impulses to and from the medulla and cerebrum. regulates depth of breathing
pons
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below the cerebrum-- 2 hemispheres. mainly composed of white matter
cerebellum
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seperates the two hemispheres of cerebellum
falx cerebelli
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connects both hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
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functions to integrate sensory information about the position of the body parts. coordinates muscle activities. maintain posture. fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movements
cerebellum
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from the forman magnum to the pons-- point of connection for several cranial nerves. the reflex center
medulla oblongata
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oval swelling in the medulla oblongata
olivary nucleus
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reflex centers of the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center and respiratory rhythmicity center
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reflex enter of the medulla oblongata that adjusts the blood flow and heart rate
cardiovascular center
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reflex center of the medulla oblongata that deals with basic pace of respiratory movements
respiratory rhythmicity center
84
nuceli and tract along the boarder of the cerebrum and diencephalon
limbic system
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structures within the limbic system located in the cerebrum
limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdaloid body-- all located in cerebrum
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structures of limbic system located in the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
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structures of limbic system located in the medulla
reticular formation
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finction of thalamus and hypothalamus in the limbic system
thalamus- relay center. hypothalamus-- behavioral drive center
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function of the reticular formation id the limbic system
sleep and wakefulness
90
function fo the limbic system
stablishes emotianl states and related behavioral drives-- links intellectual functions of the cortex to unconscious functions of the lower brain-- facilitates memory storage
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where are the cell bodies of motor neurons found
gray matter
92
where are cell bodies for sensory cranial nerves found
in ganglia outside brain
93
cranial nerve 1- type
olfactory- sensory
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cranial nerve 2- type
optic- sensory
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cranial nerve 3- type
oculomotor- motor
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cranial nerve 4- type
trochlear- motor
97
cranial nerve 5- type
trigeminal- both
98
cranial nerve 6- type
abducens- motor
99
cranial nerve 7- type
facial- both
100
cranial nerve 8 - type
vestibulocochlear- sensory
101
cranial nerve 9- type
glossopharyngeal- both
102
cranial nerve 10- type
vagus- both
103
cranial nerve 11- type
accessory- motor
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cranial nerve 12 - type
hypoglossal- motor
105
innervation for olfactory
smell-- pass through the cribiform palate
106
innervation of optic
vision-- pass through optic foramina
107
innervation of oculomotor
move the majority of the eye muscles
108
innervation of trochlear
superior oblique muscle only
109
innervation of trigeminal
1. eye, tear glans and skin of ant scalp, forehead and upper eyelid
2. upper teeth, gum, lip, and mucous lining of palate and skin of face
3. scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, gum lip and muslce of mastication
110
innervation of abducens
from the pons-- lateral rectus eye muscle only
111
innervation of facial
sensory- taste receptors on 2/3 ant part of tongue
| motor- muscle of facial expression; stimulate tear and salivary glands
112
innervation of vestibulocochlear
auditory nerve from medulla-- sensitive to changes in position of head and interpreted as hearing
113
innervation of glossopharyngeal
sensory- from lining of pharynx, tonsils and post 1/3 of tongue
motor-- wall of pharynx to help swallow
114
innervation of vagus
sensory- from lining of pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and abdomen
somatic motor- muscles of larynx-- speech and swallowing
autonomic motor- to heart, other smooth muscles and glands in the visceral organs
115
innervation of accessory
2 branches
1. cranial-- from medulla to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx
2. spinal-- sends motor fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
116
innervation of hypoglossal
from medulla to tongue-- for speaking and swallowing
