Chapter 25- digestion Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed– break down of ingested food and absorption of nutirnets into the blood
A
digestion
2
Q
- production of ATP
- anabolic & catabolic cellular activities
A
metabloism
3
Q
part of digestion that involves Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
A
alimentary canal
4
Q
part of digestion that involves part of digestion that involves Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
A
accessory organs
5
Q
layers of digestive system (4)
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
6
Q
- inner most layer
- Consists of three layers: Mucosal epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa
A
mucosa
7
Q
3 layers of mucosa
A
Mucosal epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa
8
Q
layer of mucosa that involves Blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, M.A.L.T.
A
lamina propria
9
Q
layer of mucosa that involves Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- has two layers within its makeup
A
muscularis mucosa
10
Q
two layer of the muscularis mucosa found within the mucosa layer
A
circular and longitudinal
11
Q
have folds to increase SA and have glands which secrete mucous and digestive enzymes
A
mucosa
12
Q
function of mucosa
A
protection and absorption and secretion
13
Q
layer of digestive tract that is made up of loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels & nerves
A
submucosa
14
Q
function of submucosa
A
- nourish surrounding tissues
- carry away absorbed materials
15
Q
layer of digestive tract that is made of layers of visceral smooth muscle
A
muscularis
16
Q
layer of muscularis mucosa that decreases the diameter when contracted
A
circular
17
Q
layer of muscularis mucosa that shortens tube when contracted
A
longitudinal
18
Q
also known as viseral peritoneum that does not exist superior to the diaphragm.
- made of epithelium and CT
A
serosa
19
Q
what type of tissue layer exists above the diaphragm
A
adventitia– in espohagus
20
Q
function of the serosa
A
protection and secrete serous fluid
21
Q
A series of membranes in the abdominal cavity - Visceral - parietal Are continuous with one another and seperated by Peritoneal cavity
A
peritoneium
22
Q
membrane of peritoneium that adheres directly to the internal organs
A
visceral peritoneum
23
Q
membrane of peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal wall
A
parietal peritoneum
24
Q
Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs. provides access route for vessels and nerves
and stabilize position
A
mesentaries
25
types of mesentaries
lesser omentum and greater omentum, mesentary proper and mesocolon
26
type of mesentary that connects the stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
27
type of mesentary that starts at stomach, descends inferior, then ascends to form a pouch or “apron” filled with adipose and the attaches to the colon
greater omentum
28
type of mesentary that attaches to the majority of the small intestine
mesentary proper
29
type of mesentary that attaches to large intestines
mesocolon
30
function of mesentary proper and mesocolon
allow nerves, BV and lymhatics to connect to the intestines
31
process of peristalsis
1. propels bolus down the tract
2. circular muscles contract first to prevent from moving back3. longitudinal contracts next to advance the bolus down the tract
32
no net movement in any particular direction-- goal to fragment bolus. involves mostly circular muscle contractions
segmentation
33
function fo the mouth
```
mastication/ mixing
lubrication
speech
taste/ evaluation
limited digestion
```
34
mouth made from
hard and soft palate
35
part of bone that involves the palatine bone on roof of mouth
hard palate
36
part of mouth that involves CT extension of the palate. made up with the uvula
soft palate
37
part of sift palate that dangles at the end of the soft palate and prevents food from going down prematurely
uvula
38
produce saliva. involve 3 glands-- parotid, submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands
39
muscous and serous fluid. form food blous and make salivary amylase and dissolve chemical for taste
saliva
40
glands of the salivary glands
parotid, submandibualr and sublingual
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function of teeth
mastication
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types of tteth
incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars
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function of incisors
cutting
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function of cuspids
tearing
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functino of bicuspids
crushing and grindin g
46
function of molars
crushing and grinding
47
tooth regions
crown, enamel, neck and gingiva
48
exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel
crown
49
rese of the tooth; found within host bone
root
50
boundary between root and crown
neck
51
gums and involve gingival sulcus
gingiva
52
where the gum and tooth meet
gingival sulcus
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type of tooth-- 20 total involve incisor, cuspid and 1 & 2 molars
deciduous teeth
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type of tooth-- 32 total. involve incisors, cuspids, 1 & 2 bicuspids, 1,2,& 3 molars
permanent teeth
55
movement through pharynx
enabled by swallowing. bolus neters the oropharynx and passes the laryngopharynx
56
known as deglutition. involve 3 stages
swallowing
57
stages of swallowing
buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal
58
function of the esophagus
passageway for food only to the stomach
59
a stright collapsable tube that penetrates the diaphragm through esophageal hiatus
esophagus
60
histology (tissue layers) of esophagus
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
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tissue layer of the esophagus that is stratified squamous with large folds (expansions)
mucosa
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tissue layer of the esophagus that is made of skeletal muscle in superior regions
muscularis
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functions of the stomach
- storage
- mechanical breakdown
- chemical breakdown of protein
- delivers chyme to small intestines
- large absorption of nutrients
64
general shape pf the stomach
lesser and greater curvature
65
major regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pyoris
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major regions of the stomach that meets the esophagus
cardia
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the major regions of the stomach that is the superior region of the stomach
fundus
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the major region of the stomach that is the largest region of the stomach
body
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the regionof the stomach that meets the small intestines
pyloris
70
histology of the stomach-- tissues types
mucosa and muscularis
71
importance of the mucosa
folded into rugae
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purpose of rugae
expands during a full stomach
73
three layers of the muscularis of the stomach
longitudinal and oblique and circular
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outer layer of the muscularis tissue of the stomach
longitudinal
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the middle layer of the muscularis of the stomach
circular
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the inner layer of the muscularis of the stomach
oblique
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make gastric jucies. contain secretory cell types
gastric glands
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the secretory cell types found within the gastric glands
parietal cells, cheif cells, enteroendocrine cells
79
secretory cell type found within the gastic glands that deals with HCl (lowers pH) and intrinsic factor (absorbs B12)
parietal cells
80
secretory cell type found within the gastric glands that secretes pepsinogen (breaks down proteins)
cheif cells
81
secretory cell type found within the gastric glands that secretes the hormone gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
82
major digestive regions
duodenum, jejunum, Ileum
83
25 cm part of small intestine that deals with digestive secretions from the liver and pancreas
duodenum
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2500 cm part of the small intestines that deals with the most digestion and absorption
jejunum
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3500 cm part of the small intestines
ileum
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function of the small intestines
- completes digestion of chyme
- receives secretions from pancreas & liver- absorbs products of digestion
- transports remaining residue to large intestine
87
parts of small intestines used to increase SA
plicae ciculares, intestinal villi, microvilli
88
part of small intestines -- foldings in the lining
plicae circulares
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part of small intestines -- fingerlike projections of mucosa
intestinal villi
90
part of small intestines -- fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
microvilli
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function of the large intestines
no digestive enzymes, no nutrients absorption.
| - bacteria here digest remaining nutrients (water, vitamins K & B)
92
regions of the large intestines
cecum and veriform appendix
93
dilated pouch like structure of the large intestines
cecum
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narrow tube with close end-- hangs down from the cecum. made of lymphatic tissue but has no digestive function
veriform appendix
95
regions of the large intestines
ascending colon, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons
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regionsof the large intestines that travels upward along the posterior wall to just below the liver
ascending colon
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regions of the large intestines that turns at right colic flexure and go toward the spleen
transverse colon
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region of the large intestines that turns down at the left colic flexure
descending colon
99
region of the large intestine that is S-shaped part near terminal end
sigmoid colon
100
region of the large intestines that follows the curvature of sacrum and leads to the anal canal
rectum
101
region of the large intestine that is the opening to the outside and is gaurded by 2 sphincters
anus
102
two sphincters of the anus
internal and external
103
anal sphincter made of smooth muscle
internal
104
anal sphincter made of skeletal muscle
external
105
function of the liver
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, proteins metabolism, storage, bloof filtering, detoxification, secretes bile
106
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the liver
synthesizes lipoprotiens, phospholipids and cholesterol and converts carbohydrates and proteins to fat
107
protein metabilism of the liver does
makes blood proteins
108
liver function of storage stores
glycogen, vitamins, and iron
109
divided into lobes by falciform ligament-- coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm and largest lobe is on the right
liver
110
functional unit-- have hepatocytes around the central vein, hepatic sinusoids, kupffer cells
hepatic lobules
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hepatic lobules that removes toxins and produces bile
hepatocytes that surround the central vein
112
hepatic lobule that has vascularized channels and recieves blood from portal veins
hepatic sinusoids
113
hepatic lobule that involves fixed macrophages
kupffer cells
114
on the inferior surface of the liver.
gall bladder
115
function of the gallbladder
store bile, concentrate bile by reabsorbing water, and release bile into duodenum
116
path of bile
```
left and right hepatic duct
common bile duct
common bile duct
A. cystic duct to gall bladder
B. deodenum
```
117
structure of the pancreas
head body and tail
118
pancreatic juices got to duodenum via
pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic sphincter
119
pancreatic juices produced by?
pancreatic acini
120
pancreatic juice composed of
pancreatic amylase, proteinases and trypsin, lipase, nucleases, alkalines
121
pancreatic juice that breaks down starch
pancreatic amylase
122
pancreatic jucie that breaks down proteins
proteinases and trypsin
123
pancreatic juice that breaks down fat
lipase
124
pancreatic that breaks down nucleic acid
nucleases
125
pancreatic juice that neutralizes acidic chyme
alkalines
