chapter 21- cardiovascular system: heart

Question 1

key topics of heart

Answer 1

• vital to survival
• caries oxygen and nutrients to tissues
• carries wastes away from tissues
• closed system

Question 2

double circuit involves

Answer 2

pulmonary and systemic circuts

Question 3

heart to lungs and back– oxygenates blood

Answer 3

pulmonary

Question 4

heart to body and back– delivers oxygen to tissues

Answer 4

systemic

Question 5

structure of the heart

Answer 5

cone shaped

• inside pericardial cavit
• which is inside the mediastinum
• apex tipped toward the inferior and left
• base superior

Question 6

membrane of the heart

Answer 6

pericardium

Question 7

membranes within the pericardium

Answer 7

parietal pericardium, epicardium

Question 8

double serous membrane with fibrous coat. made up of several levels: parietal pericardium and epicardium

Answer 8

pericardium

Question 9

outer layer of sac within the pericardium. fibrous and areolar layer

Answer 9

parietal pericardium

Question 10

also known as visceral pericardium— inner layer of sac. adheres to the heart wall

Answer 10

epicardium

Question 11

space between the layers of the pericardium. contains serous fluid

Answer 11

pericardial cavity

Question 12

wall of the heart

Answer 12

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 13

also known as visceral pericardium– functions as protective outer layer

Answer 13

epicardium

Question 14

middle layer– responsible for contractions. made of cardiac muscle

Answer 14

myocardium

Question 15

inner layer– lines and protects chambers and valves. continuous with endothelium of heart blood vessels

Answer 15

endocardium

Question 16

components of cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 16

striated
aerobic respiration
short T-tubules
autorhythmic
connected mechanically & chemically

Question 17

known as gap junctions

Answer 17

intercelated discs

Question 18

4 chambers of the heart

Answer 18

2 atria, 2 ventricles

Question 19

superior chambers that receive blood from veins. have auricles

Answer 19

atria

Question 20

flaps in the atria where blood pools

Answer 20

auricles

Question 21

inferior chambers of the heart. force blood out to arteries. have structural differences between the left and right

Answer 21

ventricles

Question 22

differences between the left and right ventricles

Answer 22

left = thicker and stronger
right- goes only to the lungs
right- pouch shaped

Question 23

valves in the heart

Answer 23

tricuspid (right AV valve) and bicuspid (left AV valve)

Question 24

at right atrioventricular orifice. open when atrial force is greater and close when ventricular force is greater. 3 cusps

Answer 24

tricuspid– right AV valve

Question 25

at left atrioventricular orifice. 2 cusps

Answer 25

bicuspid-- left AV valve

Question 26

heart strings. hold valves in place. attached to cusps on ventricle side. prevents cusps from collapsing into the atria when valve is closed. prevents back flow

Answer 26

chordae tendonae

Question 27

components of chordae tendonae

Answer 27

papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae

Question 28

small bundles of muscle. attach to the chordae tendonae. when valves close, these muscle contract and tighten cords

Answer 28

papillary muscle

Question 29

scaffolding on interior walls

Answer 29

trabeculae carnae

Question 30

semilunar valves in the heart

Answer 30

pulmonary and aortic

Question 31

found between ventricles and artery

Answer 31

semilunar valves-- pulmonary and aortic

Question 32

valve found on the right side of heart. at entrance to pulmonary trunk. open when right ventrical contracts

Answer 32

pulmonary valve

Question 33

valve on the left side of the heart. at entrance to aorta. open when left ventricle contracts

Answer 33

aortic valve

Question 34

path of blood

Answer 34

-superior/inferior vena cava/ coronary sinus - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary trunk - lungs pulmonary veins - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - tissues

Question 35

supplies the heart issues with blood. blockage can result in a heart tissue dying

Answer 35

coronary circulation

Question 36

branch directly off of the aorta as it emerges. involve left and right coronary arteries

Answer 36

coronary arteries

Question 37

the coronary arteries

Answer 37

left and right coronary arteries

Question 38

arteries dealing with left coronary artery

Answer 38

circumflex, anterior interventricular artery

Question 39

arteries dealing with right coronary artery

Answer 39

posterior interventiruclar artery, marginal artery

Question 40

drain myocardium. travel with arteries. involve cardiac veins and coronary sinus

Answer 40

cardiac veins

Question 41

veins involved in the cardiac veins

Answer 41

great, middle, small. coronary sinus

Question 42

contractile phase; chamber empties

Answer 42

systole

Question 43

relaxation phase; chambers fill

Answer 43

diastole

Question 44

heart beat is enabled

Answer 44

nodal cells and conducting fibers

Question 45

specialized muscle cells that conduct action potentials

Answer 45

nodal cells

Question 46

distributes stimulus to myocardium

Answer 46

conducting fibers

Question 47

conducting system of heart

Answer 47

AP moves down heart, causing it to contract unevenly -- atria contract before ventricles

Question 48

tests cardiac output for heart. involves P, QRS, and T waves.

Answer 48

electrocardiogram

Question 49

P- waves indicate

Answer 49

depoalrization of atria

Question 50

QRS waves indicate

Answer 50

depolarization of ventricle

Question 51

T waves indicate

Answer 51

repolarization of ventricles

Question 52

spontaneous contractions

Answer 52

autorhythmicity

Question 53

chemical that control autorhythmicity

Answer 53

NE and E

Question 54

significance of the release of E and NE

Answer 54

increase rate and force of the heart

Question 55

neural control in medulla deals with

Answer 55

cardioacceleratory centers and cardioinhibitory centers

Question 56

neural control center in medulla that releases NE and increases HR

Answer 56

cardioacceleratory centers

Question 57

neural control center in medulla that releases ACh and decrease HR

Answer 57

cardioinhibitory centers