Chapter 24- respiratory

Question 1

respiratory system consist of

Answer 1

upper and lower respiratory system

Question 2

what makes up the upper respiratory system

Answer 2

nose, pharynx, nasal cavity, and sinues

Question 3

function of the upper respiratory system

Answer 3

filter, warm, and humidify air and bring in to and from the lower resp system

Question 4

what makes up the lower respiratory system

Answer 4

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 5

gas exchange surface in the lower respiratory system

Answer 5

alveoli

Question 6

function of the resp system

Answer 6

extensive SA for gas exchange

• move air to and from exchange surface
• protect exchange surfaces from damage
• produce vocalization
• regulate blood volume, pH, pressure

Question 7

functional parameters of each resp surface

Answer 7

• inc SA of the membrane
• decrease thickness of the resp membrane
• highly vascularize the resp membrane– maximize conc gradient

Question 8

encloses the nasal vestibule. involves cartilage, nasal bone, and external nares

Answer 8

nose

Question 9

cartilages of the external nose

Answer 9

lateral nasal

major and minor alar

Question 10

function of the nasal vestibule

Answer 10

protected by hairs
opens into nasal cavity
divided by nasal septum

Question 11

starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares.

divided in two by the nasal septum. separated from the oral cavity, muscus membrane lined

Answer 11

nasal cavity

Question 12

oral cavity contains

Answer 12

hard and soft palate

Question 13

make up of the hard palate

Answer 13

palatine and maxilla

Question 14

superior region of nasal cavity. all areas have olfactory receptors

Answer 14

olfactory region

Question 15

areas in the nasal cavity that are lined with olfactory receptors

Answer 15

cribform palate, superior nasal conchae and superior septum

Question 16

three projections of bone on each side of the nasal cavity. involve the ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae bone

Answer 16

conchae

Question 17

the 3 nasal conchaes

Answer 17

sup, inf, and middlw

Question 18

function of the nasal conchaes

Answer 18

divide the cavity into passages, support mucous membranes, increase surface area, increase turbulance– filter out airborne particles

Question 19

air filled sacs within cranial bones. open into the nasal cavity. lined with mucous membranes

Answer 19

sinuses

Question 20

sinuses

Answer 20

maxilla, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

Question 21

function of the sinuese

Answer 21

decrease weight of the skull, produce mucus, and resonant chamber

Question 22

shared pasasge way for respiratory and digestive system. 3 parts– oro, naso, laryngo

Answer 22

pharynx/ throat

Question 23

part of pharynx that is above the uvula and posterior to internal nares

Answer 23

nasopharynx

Question 24

part of pharynx where portion is visible in the mirror

Answer 24

oropharynx

Question 25

part of pharynx that is between the hyoid and the esophagus

Answer 25

laryngopharynx

Question 26

function of the pharynx

Answer 26

passage way for food, passage way fro air, sound production

Question 27

layers of the respiratory tree

Answer 27

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cart, trachealis muscle

Question 28

goblet cells in psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 28

mucosa

Question 29

areolar CT + serous and mucous glands

Answer 29

submucosa

Question 30

transverse and longitudinal smooth muscle--- more muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

Answer 30

trachealis muscle

Question 31

enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx

Answer 31

larynx

Question 32

function of larynx

Answer 32

routes air and food to the proper channels. surrounds and protects glottis and houses vocal cords

Question 33

opening into the larynx

Answer 33

glottis

Question 34

composition of the larynx

Answer 34

muscle and cartilage held together by elastic tissue

Question 35

cartilages of the larynx

Answer 35

``` thyroid cricoid arytenoid corniculate cuneiform epiglottis ```

Question 36

cartilage in larynx that is your adams apple

Answer 36

thyroid

Question 37

cartilage that supports the posterior larynx

Answer 37

cricoid

Question 38

cartilage that attach and control vocal cords

Answer 38

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

Question 39

cartilage that projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

Answer 39

epiglottis

Question 40

folds in mucous membrane. involves vestibular folds and vocal folds

Answer 40

vocal cord

Question 41

false vocal cord that has no vocal productions. muscle that helps close larynx during swallowing

Answer 41

vestibular folds

Question 42

true vocal cords that cause sound production

Answer 42

vocal folds

Question 43

process of speaking

Answer 43

air pushed past vocal fold whic causes vibrations. pitch controlled by changing tension of cords. volume related to force of air over cords. oral cavity lips and tongue change sound

Question 44

flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchi

Answer 44

trachea

Question 45

compostion of trachea

Answer 45

inner wall

Question 46

ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells-- beat continuously and expel mucous loaded with debris-- 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

Answer 46

inner wall of trachea

Question 47

function of of the trachea

Answer 47

filter and direct incoming air. cartilage rings prevent collapsing. soft tissues in back allow esophagus to expand

Question 48

formed by the division of trachea. split by carina. enter lungs via hilus. subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

Answer 48

bronchi

Question 49

smaller branches of the bronchi

Answer 49

primary, secondary, tertiary, brinchioles

Question 50

differences between the two sides of the brinchi

Answer 50

right = wider, shorter, straighter - divides into 3 parts bc 3 lobes in right lung - superior bronchi divides very early

Question 51

tertiary bronchi branch many times to form these. smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage as move down. terminal ones branch to form respiratory bronchiles

Answer 51

bronchioles

Question 52

smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage bronchioles perform these actions

Answer 52

bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction

Question 53

2 parts of alveoli

Answer 53

ducts and sacs

Question 54

contain several alveoli. formed from alveolar ducts

Answer 54

alveolar sacs

Question 55

150 million per lung. each associated with a network of capillaries and an abundance of elastic fibers

Answer 55

alveoli

Question 56

alveolus consist of

Answer 56

pneumocyte type 1,2 cells, basal lamina, capillary network, connective tissues

Question 57

cells in alveouls that are made of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange. moist lining that aids diffusion across respiratory membrane

Answer 57

pneumocyte type 1 cells

Question 58

cells in alveolus that have no gas exchange. secrete pulmonary surfactant which function to prevent alveolar walls from sticking

Answer 58

pneumocyte type 2 cells

Question 59

fluid with a lower cohesive force than water that will prevent alveolar walls from sticking-- the collapse of the alveoli

Answer 59

surfactant

Question 60

connective tissue of alveolus

Answer 60

fibroblasts and macrophages

Question 61

connective tissue in alveolus that is made of elastic and reticular fibers

Answer 61

fibroblasts

Question 62

connective tissue in the alveolus that is made of phagocytes

Answer 62

macrophages

Question 63

found in the thoracic cavity. is surrounded by 2 membranes and seperated by another

Answer 63

lungs

Question 64

lungs surrounded by two membranes

Answer 64

parietal and visceral

Question 65

lungs seperated by one membrane

Answer 65

pleural cavity

Question 66

structure of lungs

Answer 66

apex, base, hilus, lobes

Question 67

area of lungs where all vessels and brinchi enter

Answer 67

hilus

Question 68

number of lobes of right and left. seperated by?

Answer 68

right = 3 and left = 2; sperated by fissures

Question 69

how breathing works

Answer 69

- dependent on volume changes in thoracic cavity - volume changes lead to pressure changes - when pressure changes, gas flow in to equalize pressure

Question 70

2 processes of breathing

Answer 70

inspiration and expiration

Question 71

inspiration

Answer 71

diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract: - thoracic cavity expands - pressure in pleural cavity dec - lungs expand into lower pressure area - pressure in lungs dec - air moves into lungs to equalize presure

Question 72

expiration// tidal expiration

Answer 72

a passive process: - muscle relax - recoil shrinks thoraci cavity - pressure in pleural cavity dec - lungs compress - pressure in lungs inc - air moves out to equalize pressure

Question 73

forced expiration

Answer 73

internal intercostals, external obliques, and rectus abdominus contract: - further shrinks thoracic cavity - pressure in pleural cavity inc alot - lungs are compressed - pressure in lungs inc - air moves put to equalize pressure