chapter 19 - endocrine system

Question 1

gneral characteristics of the endocrine system

Answer 1

chronic regulation of homeostasis- slow and prolonged
interrelated with nervous system– hypothalamus and thalamus
ductless– hormones produced by specialized cells

Question 2

substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

two types of secretion of hormones

Answer 3

paracrine and endocrine

Question 4

secretion into the extracellular spaces

Answer 4

paracrine signaling

Question 5

secretion when blood carries it to other sites

Answer 5

endocrine signaling

Question 6

hormones act on specific target cells through

Answer 6

specific receptors for specific hormones

Question 7

chemistry categories of hormones

Answer 7

steroids, peptides, amines, eicosanoids

Question 8

lipid soluable hormones that can cross cell cell membranes. made from cholesterol. used in transduction– regulation of DNA transcription

Answer 8

steroid hormones

Question 9

derived from tyrosine of trytophan. some are membrane soluble and some are not. most important ones are thyroid and adrenal medulla

Answer 9

amine hormones

Question 10

short chain of amino acids– cannot cross the cell membrane. all pituitary hormones

Answer 10

peptide hormones

Question 11

derived from fatty acids. most cross cell membrane. coordinate functions of extracellular fluid

Answer 11

eicosanoids

Question 12

control hormone secretion through

Answer 12

negative feedback loop

Question 13

how does neg feedback loop work in endocrine system

Answer 13

gland is sensitive to concentration of substance
- concentration exceeds = prevent gland from secreting hormone
- concentration decreases = secretion increases
RESULTS IN RELATIVELY STABLE CONC. OF BOTH SUBSTANCE AND HORMONE

Question 14

sends signals to the pituitary gland

Answer 14

hypothalamus

Question 15

significance of pitutary gland

Answer 15

really 2 glands– together = most important endocrine gland for regulation

Question 16

does not make hormones. mostly hypothalamic axons

Answer 16

posterior pituitary

Question 17

5 types of endocrine cells present. controlled by hypothalamic regulatory hormones

Answer 17

anterior pituitary

Question 18

regulatory hormones found in the anterior pituitary

Answer 18

releasing and inhibitory

Question 19

posterior pituitary gland that causes the contraction of muscles in the uterine wall,= and prostate; causes muscles associated with milk ejection to contract; significant emotional bonding

Answer 19

oxytocin

Question 20

posterior pituitary horomone that cause kidney to decrease water excretion. also increases blood volume– rise in BP

Answer 20

antidiuretic hormone- ADH

Question 21

posterior pituitary gland that increases melanin secretion

Answer 21

melanocyte stimulating hormone-MSH

Question 22

cell type involved in melanocyte stimulating hormones

Answer 22

melanocytes

Question 23

anterior pituitary hormone– testes produce sperm, follicular development in ovary, stimulate secretion of estrogen

Answer 23

follicle stimulating hormone- FSH

Question 24

anterior pituitary hormone– promotes secretion of sex hormones and release of oocyte

Answer 24

luteinizing hormone- LH

Question 25

anterior pituitary hormone - inc size and rate of reproduction of body cells - targets muscles and bones-- mobilizes fat ad glucose - enhances movmemnt of amino acids through membranes - secreted throughout life, inc at puberty

Answer 25

growth hormone- GH

Question 26

anterior pituitary hormone that controls secretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 26

thyroid stimulating homrone-- TSH

Question 27

anterior pituitary hormone-- targets mammary tissue. milk production / secretion

Answer 27

prolactin- PRL

Question 28

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids

Answer 28

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 29

involves 2 lobes and isthmus, follicular cells and parafollicular cells

Answer 29

thyroid gland

Question 30

cell involved in thyroid gland that has a line follicle cavities-- filled with thyroglogulin colloid; removes Iodine from blood; secrete T3 and T4

Answer 30

follicular cells

Question 31

cell involved in thyroid gland that produce calcitronin

Answer 31

parafollicular cells

Question 32

thyroid hormone that involves follicular cells

Answer 32

thyroxine and triiodothryonine

Question 33

thyroid hormone that involves follicular cells that inc glycogenesis, inc protein synthesis, and inc growth

Answer 33

thryroxine T4

Question 34

thyroid hormone that involves follicular cells thatinc glycogenesis, inc protein synthesis, and inc growth--- 5x more potent

Answer 34

triiodothyronine- T3

Question 35

thyroid hormone that involves parafollicular cells that dec blood Ca2+ and PO4-- which inc renal excretion and inc osteoblast activity

Answer 35

calcitronin

Question 36

posterior surface of thyroid-- many tightly packed secretory cells

Answer 36

parathyroid glands

Question 37

immature cells in the parathyroid glands

Answer 37

oxyphil and transitional cells

Question 38

cells in the parathyroid glands that produce parathyroid hormone

Answer 38

chief cells

Question 39

hormone found in parathyroid glands

Answer 39

parathyroid hormone- PTH

Question 40

hormone found in the parathyroid gland that inc blood Ca2+-- which dec Ca2+ and PO4 excretion, dec osteoclast activity, inc calcitrol

Answer 40

parathyroid hormone- PTH

Question 41

thoracic cavity posterior to sternum-- produces thymosin

Answer 41

thymus

Question 42

enhances lymphocyte production and competence. most active in infacy and childhood

Answer 42

thymosin

Question 43

adrenal cortex involves

Answer 43

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Question 44

adrenal glands involves

Answer 44

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 45

what is found in the adrenal medulla

Answer 45

chromaffin cells

Question 46

found in the adrenal medulla-- cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS

Answer 46

chromaffin cells

Question 47

components of the kidney

Answer 47

renin, erthropoietin, calcitrol

Question 48

hormone of the kidney that starts the cascade to increase blood pressure

Answer 48

renin

Question 49

hormone of kidney that involves erythrocyte production

Answer 49

erythropoletin EPO

Question 50

hormone of the kindey that involves the increase absorption of digested Ca2+

Answer 50

calcitrol

Question 51

found in the heart. supresses aldosterone and ADH. decreases blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 51

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 52

posterior to stomach-- attached to dedenom by duct; endocrine and exocrine function

Answer 52

pancreas

Question 53

islets of Lanagerhans

Answer 53

endocrine function

Question 54

cells within the islets of langerhans

Answer 54

alpha, beta, delta

Question 55

alpha cells in pancreas

Answer 55

glucugon

Question 56

beta cells in pancreas

Answer 56

insulin

Question 57

delta cells in pancreas

Answer 57

somatostatin

Question 58

somatostatin

Answer 58

inhibits glucugon and insulin secretion. atagonizes GH