Chapter 18 Flashcards by Kaitlin C

What are the functions of blood?

transportation, regulate body temperature, body pH, fluid balance, protection

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Study of blood

Hematology

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What does blood transport?

formed elements, ions, dissolved molecules

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How does blood regulate body temperature?

absorb heat from body cells as it passes blood vessels, heat is released at body surface

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How does blood regulate body pH

contains chemical buffers (bicarbonate) that bind and release hydrogen ions

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How does the blood regulate fluid balance?

Contains ions and proteins that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back to capillaries

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How does the blood protect the body?

Has leukocytes, plasma proteins, protects against blood loss

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How much does plasma make up in blood?

55%

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How much do formed elements make up in blood?

45%

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What is contained in the formed elements?

Buffy coat (WBC, platelets), red blood cells

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Color of blood that is oxygen rich

Scarlet

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Color of blood that oxygen poor

Dark red

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What is the significance of volume of blood?

Maintain adequate blood pressure

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What does thicker blood viscosity result in?

Decrease in blood flow

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Determines osmosis, flow of fluid in or out of capillaries

Plasma concentration

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What is the average temperature of blood?

100.4 F

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What happens if pH is off in blood?

Plasma proteins are unable to carry out function

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What is the average pH of blood?

7.35-7.45

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Plasma without fibrinogens

Serum

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What is plasma composed of?

Water, plasma proteins, dissolved molecules

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What makes a majority of plasma?

Water

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Mainting pH, viscosity, and fluid balance

Plasma protein

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Made by liver, exert osmotic force on capillary walls, retains fluid in blood, transports hormones, ions and lipids

Albumin

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Transportation of lipids and ions, contain gamma ___ which are antibodies

Globulin

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Blood clotting protein

Fibrinogen

Enzymes and hormones

Regulatory proteins

Water and pH balance, neuron and muscle function

Electrolytes

What is included in electrolytes?

Na, K, Ca, HCO3, Cl

What are the types of nutrients in dissolved molecules and ions?

Glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, iron, lipids

What types of dissolved molecules/ ions are in the blood?

Electrolytes, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes

Movement of large amounts of fluid and dissolved substances down a pressure gradient out of capillaries into tissues

Filtration

Movement of fluid out of tissues into the capillaries

Reabsorption

Physical force exerted by a fluid on a blood vessel/wall

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Pull of water back into the capillaries

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

What is colloid osmotic pressure dependent on?

Concentration of solutes

What kind of pressure is high on arteriole end?

Hydrostatic pressure

Difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Net flitration pressure

Released from right atrium, causes vasodilation, increase urine output

Atrial natriuretic peptide

What is the stimulus for atrial natriuretic peptide to be released

Increase stretch of atrial walls

What is the stimulus for antidiuretic hormone?

Increase in blood concentration

Were is antidiuretic hormone released?

Posterior pituitary gland

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?

Increase water absorption, thirst, blood volume and blood pressure

Inactive hormone produced and released by the liver

Angiotensinogen

Found in high concentration of pulmonary capillaries

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

What is the stimulus for angiotensin?

Low blood pressure in kidneys or sympathetic stimulation

What is the effect of angiotensin II?

Vasoconstriction, increase in thirst, decrease urinary output, BP increases

Production of all types of blood in bone marrow

Hemopoiesis

Formation of erythrocytes

Erythropoiesis

What are the steps for erythropoiesis?

Hemocytoblast, myeloid, erythropoietin, erythrocytes

Production of leukocytes

Leukopoiesis

What are the steps for leukocytes?

hemocytoblast,myeloid, growth factor, leukocytes

What are the steps for lymphoid cells?

hemocytoblast, lymphoid, growth factor, lymphoid cell

Production of platelets

Thrombopoiesis

What type of shape do RBC's have?

biconcave

What does the biconcave shape help with?

traveling is easier, surface area increases

what is the lifespan for RBC?

120 days

Red pigmented protein that transports oxygen

hemoglobin

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin

What is erythrocyte production controlled by?

erythropoietin

What is the stimulus for erythropoietin?

low levels of oxygen in blood

Where is erythropoietin released from?

kidneys

Increases RBC production in red bone marrow, levels of oxygen increase

Erythropoietin

What are erythrocytes phagocytized by?

Macrophages in liver and spleen

Enter blood used for protein synthesis

Globin

Stored in liver, transferred to bone marrow for new RBC

Iron

Converted to bilirubin, transported by alembics to liver to add into bile

Heme

Contains nucleus and organelles, 1.5-3x larger, able to to move into extracellular fluid

Leukocytes

Phagocytize, pathogens especially bacteria, release enzymes that target pathogen, most abundant

Neutrophil

Phagocytize antigen, antibody complexes and allergens, release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

Eosinophil

Release histamine and heparin during inflammatory response, least abundant

basophil

Coordinate immune cell activity, produce antibodies, attack pathogens and abnormal/ infected cells

lymphocyte

Leaves blood, becomes macrophages and phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells

monocyte

Determines the percentage of each type of WBC's present in blood

Differential count

Smallest of formed elements

Platelets

Derived from megakaryocytes, helps stops blood loss

platelets

What is the life span for platelets?

8-10 days

Process of blood clotting

Hemostasis

What are the 3 steps to hemostasis?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

What happens during vascular spasm?

Vasoconstriction

Molecules that line the endothelial wall; prevents platelet from sticking to the wall

Prostacyclin

What happens during the platelet plug formation?

Platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers and change shape which forms a platelet plug

Initiated by damage inside of the blood vessel wall; platelets release clotting factor and cascade event occurs

Intrinsic pathway

Initiated by damage outside of the blood vessel wall; involves calcium and clotting factors

Extrinsic pathway

Contractile proteins within the platelet squeeze serum out of clot; clot shrinks

Clot retraction

Degradation of fibrin strands

Fibrinolysis

Chapter 18 Flashcards

(86 cards)