Chapter 17

Question 1

Maintenance of a stable internal environment by self-regulating physiological processes

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

How is homeostasis maintained in the body?

Answer 2

endocrine and nervous systems

Question 3

initial stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

Answer 3

negative feedback

Question 4

initial stimulus that produces a response that reinforces the stimulus

Answer 4

positive feedback

Question 5

what is the communication method of the endocrine system?

Answer 5

secrete hormones into blood

Question 6

What is the target of stimulation for the endocrine system?

Answer 6

any cell with receptor for the hormone

Question 7

what is the response time of the endocrine system?

Answer 7

slow; minutes to hours

Question 8

what is the the effect of stimulation in the endocrine system?

Answer 8

change metabolic activity in cell

Question 9

what is the range of effect in the endocrine system?

Answer 9

widespread effects throughout body

Question 10

what is the duration of the response for the endocrine system?

Answer 10

long-lasting, may last after stimulus is gone

Question 11

What are the general functions controlled by the endocrine system?

Answer 11

maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control reproductive activity, regulate development, growth, metabolism, control digestive processes

Question 12

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume?

Answer 12

Regulate amount of substances dissolved within the plasma

Question 13

How does the endocrine system control reproductive activities?

Answer 13

Development, growth of reproductive system, expression, sexual behavior

Question 14

How does the endocrine system regulate development, growth, and metabolism?

Answer 14

Regulate roles in cell differentiation and division, control metabolic processes during synthesis and degradation

Question 15

How does the endocrine system regulate digestive processes?

Answer 15

influence secretory processes and movement of materials

Question 16

hormones that circulate in blood throughout the body

Answer 16

circulating hormones

Question 17

hormones that act locally

Answer 17

local hormones

Question 18

what are the 2 types of local hormones?

Answer 18

paracrine, autocrine

Question 19

act on neighboring cells?

Answer 19

paracrine

Question 20

act on same cell that secreted them

Answer 20

autocrine

Question 21

what type of solubility do steroid hormones have?

Answer 21

lipid soluble

Question 22

enter cell membrane and bind to receptors inside target cell; may stimulate transcription of genes to make certain proteins (can alter structure or change metabolic activity when new protein is made)

Answer 22

Steroid hormone

Question 23

Steroid hormone connected to a carrier molecule

Answer 23

bound hormone

Question 24

steroid hormone not connected to a carrier molecule

Answer 24

unbound hormone

Question 25

how fast is the response time for steroid hormones?

Answer 25

slower

Question 26

what are some examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 26

testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, cortisol

Question 27

Hormone and receptor bound together in the cell

Answer 27

hormone receptor complex (HRC)

Question 28

HRC binds to DNA sequence in nucleus

Answer 28

Hormone response element

Question 29

What does the hormone response element stimulate?

Answer 29

mRNA synthesis which interacts with ribosomes

Question 30

What type of solubility do protein hormones have?

Answer 30

water soluble

Question 31

Do protein hormones enter the cell directly?

Answer 31

no; hormone bind to receptor proteins in plasma membrane which creates signal transduction pathway

Question 32

What is the response time for protein hormones?

Answer 32

fast

Question 33

Modified amino acids

Answer 33

Biogenic amines

Question 34

What are some examples of biogenic amines?

Answer 34

Adrenal gland and thyroid gland hormones

Question 35

What is hormone synthesis and release controlled by?

Answer 35

reflexes

Question 36

release one hormone in response to another hormone

Answer 36

Hormonal stimulation

Question 37

Release one hormone in response to changing levels of nutrients

Answer 37

Humoral stimulation

Question 38

release hormone in response from stimulation of the nervous system

Answer 38

Nervous system stimulation

Question 39

What is target cell response dependent of?

Answer 39

Hormone concentration in blood and abundance of target cell receptors, influence exerted by other hormones

Question 40

Increases number of receptors due to a low concentration of a hormone

Answer 40

up regulation

Question 41

decreases number of receptors due to a high concentration of a hormone

Answer 41

down regulation

Question 42

1 hormone reinforces the activity of another (work together)

Answer 42

synergistically

Question 43

one hormone is dependent of another hormone (need each other)

Answer 43

Permissively

Question 44

hormones have opposite effects on each other

Answer 44

Antagonistically

Question 45

What are the 3 main steps in an interaction between protein hormone and target cell?

Answer 45

1. ) 1st messenger binds to receptor 2. ) G protein binds to activated receptor 3. ) G protein is released