Chapter 26

Question 1

What is part of the accessory organs?

Answer 1

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Question 2

what is part of the GI tract?

Answer 2

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anal canal

Question 3

Introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity; 1st step of digesting and absorbing nutrients

Answer 3

Ingestion

Question 4

Voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions for mixing and moving materials through the GI tract

Answer 4

Motility

Question 5

Process of producing and releasing substances such as enzymes, acids, and bile into the GI tract

Answer 5

Secretion

Question 6

Break down of ingested food into smaller pieces

Answer 6

Digestion

Question 7

Activity of specific enzymes to break down chemical bonds to change larger molecules into smaller molecules

Answer 7

Chemical digestion

Question 8

Ingested material is physically broken down into smaller units by chewing and mixing without chemicals

Answer 8

Mechanical digestion

Question 9

Membrane transport of digested molecules, electrolytes,vitamins, and water from GI tract into blood or lymph

Answer 9

Absorption

Question 10

Expulsion of digested indigestible components that are not absorbed

Answer 10

Elimination

Question 11

Contains simple columnar epithelia, lamina propria, connective tissues with blood and lymph capillaries

Answer 11

Mucosa

Question 12

What is the function of mucosa?

Answer 12

Absorption and secretion

Question 13

contains connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels, MALT

Answer 13

Submucosa

Question 14

Contains circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric nerve plexus

Answer 14

Muscularis

Question 15

What is the function of the muscularis layer?

Answer 15

Allow peristalsis and mixing, stretching of the wall

Question 16

Connective tissue covered by visceral peritoneum

Answer 16

Serosa

Question 17

How is the digestive system regulated?

Answer 17

AP sent to CNS, affects nerves VII, IX, X; go to salivary glands, muscularis layer of GI tract, pancreas

Question 18

Detect pressure in particular region of GI tract

Answer 18

Stretch Baroreceptors

Question 19

Detect specific substances within the lumen

Answer 19

Chemical baroreceptors

Question 20

Ap sent to CNS, autonomic response to cranial nerves VII, IX, X; causes secretion and smooth muscle contraction

Answer 20

Long reflex

Question 21

Ap sent to nerves of myenteric nerve plexus, smooth muscle contraction

Answer 21

Short reflex

Question 22

Chewing involving teeth and tongue

Answer 22

Mastication

Question 23

Moisten food to break down starch, dissolve food molecules, clean/inhibit bacteria

Answer 23

Chemical breakdown of food

Question 24

Made of stratified squamous epithelium; protection from abrasion of food

Answer 24

Wall of esophagus

Question 25

Closes off all the time unless food comes in

Answer 25

Superior esophageal sphincter

Question 26

Closes off area right before stomach unless food comes in; prevents acid in stomach from damaging esophagus

Answer 26

inferior esophageal sphincter

Question 27

Phase in swallowing when mastication forms bolus, tongue pushes food back to oropharynx

Answer 27

Voluntary phase

Question 28

Phase in swallowing when sensory receptors are stimulated, AP sent to swallowing center, causes the elevation of soft palate and uvula, movement of larynx

Answer 28

Pharyngeal phase

Question 29

Phase in swallowing when movement through the esophagus

Answer 29

Esophageal phase

Question 30

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 30

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question 31

Depressions within mucosal layer, ends to gastric gland

Answer 31

Gastric pit

Question 32

Digested food in stomach

Answer 32

Chyme

Question 33

Cells that line the lumen and gastric pit, secretes alkaline mucin protection; prevents stomach acid from damaging stomach

Answer 33

Surface mucous cells

Question 34

Cells that are below the base of the gastric pit and gland; secretes acidic mucin to create acidic environment

Answer 34

Mucous neck cells

Question 35

Cells that secrete intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 and HCl to drop pH and convert pepsinogen to pepsin

Answer 35

Parietal cells

Question 36

Cells that secrete pepsinogen which eventually converts to pepsin

Answer 36

Chief cells

Question 37

Cells that secrete gastrin that stimulates stomach secretions and motility

Answer 37

G-Cells

Question 38

What is the stimulus of the cephalic phase?

Answer 38

Thinking, smelling, tasting food

Question 39

AP is sent to medulla oblongata, AP sent to stomach via vagus nerve, results in an increase in contractile force and increase in secretion by gastric glands

Answer 39

Cephalic phase

Question 40

Bolus enters stomach, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors stimulate, AP sent to medulla oblongata and stomach via vagus nerve, results in an increase in gastric gland secretion and contractile force

Answer 40

Gastric phase

Question 41

Chyme enters duodenum, inhibitory AP sent to medulla oblongata, results in decrease in contractile force and gastric gland secretions

Answer 41

Intestinal phase

Question 42

___ is released during the intestinal phase. Causes a decrease in contractile force and secretion

Answer 42

CCK

Question 43

Spontaneously depolarize, AP sent to muscularis layer, results in establishing rhythm in muscular contractions

Answer 43

Pacemaker cells

Question 44

Increases surface area, slows down food particles in the small intestine

Answer 44

Mucosa

Question 45

Absorb a majority of chyme's lipids, contains lymph capillaries and made up of simple columnar epithelium

Answer 45

Microvilli

Question 46

Includes peyer patches, lymph and blood capillaries, and nerves in small intestine

Answer 46

Submucosa

Question 47

Contains longitudinal and circular muscles in small intestine

Answer 47

muscularis

Question 48

What 3 cells are in the intestinal glands?

Answer 48

goblet, unicellular gland, enteroendocrine

Question 49

Chyme mixes with digestive secretions

Answer 49

Segmentation

Question 50

Movement of materials down GI tract

Answer 50

Peristalsis

Question 51

Short reflex; stimulus is food entering stomach, AP sent to ileocecal sphincter, relaxation, contents move to large intestine

Answer 51

Gastroileal reflex

Question 52

Ring of smooth muscle, closed until stimulus happens

Answer 52

Ileocecal sphincter

Question 53

Ribbon of muscle, longitudinal muscle of muscularis layer, help bunch up large intestine

Answer 53

Teniae coli

Question 54

What is peristalsis like in the large intestine?

Answer 54

weak and sluggish

Question 55

Distention stimulates muscle contraction

Answer 55

Haustral churning

Question 56

Moves fecal matter from transverse colon to cecum

Answer 56

Mass movements

Question 57

Oxygenated blood to liver

Answer 57

Hepatic artery

Question 58

Deoxygenated blood with nutrients, collects nutrients from small intestine

Answer 58

Hepatic portal vein

Question 59

Breakdown, balance, create nutrients; store glucose, minerals, vitamins, synthesize bile and cholesterol, remove harmful substances, regulate amino acids

Answer 59

Hepatocytes

Question 60

Allows liver to have dual blood supply

Answer 60

Hepatic portal system

Question 61

Acinar cells form pancreatic juices

Answer 61

Exocrine pancreas

Question 62

Pancreatic islets release hormones

Answer 62

Endocrine pancreas

Question 63

Increase blood sugar

Answer 63

Glucagon (alpha cells)

Question 64

Decrease blood sugar

Answer 64

Insulin (beta cells)