Chapter 18 Pathologies and Tests

Question 1

Goiter

Answer 1

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 2

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 2

Overactivity of the thyroid gland, thryotoxicosis

• Graves disease
• exophthalmos (proptosis) is protrusion of the eyeballs

Question 3

Hypothyroidism

Answer 3

Underactivity of the thyroid gland

• Myxedema, advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
• Cretinism, extreme hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood; leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth

Question 4

Thyroid Carcinoma

Answer 4

Cancer of the thyroid gland

Question 5

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

Excessive production of parathormone

Question 6

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 6

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone

-tetany (constant muscle contractions)

Question 7

Adrenal virilism

Answer 7

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

Question 8

Cushing Syndrome

Answer 8

Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 9

Addison Disease

Answer 9

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex

Question 10

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 10

Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color

Question 11

Hyperinsulinism

Answer 11

Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia

Question 12

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 12

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells

Question 13

Acromegaly

Answer 13

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities

Question 14

Gigantism

Answer 14

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Question 15

Dwarfism

Answer 15

Congenital hypo secretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

Question 16

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 16

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Question 17

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

Answer 17

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Question 18

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 18

insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 19

Fasting plasma glucose

Answer 19

Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours

Question 20

Serum and urine tests

Answer 20

Measurements of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Question 21

Thyroid function tests

Answer 21

Measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream

Question 22

Exophthalmometry

Answer 22

Measurement of eyeball protrusion with an exopthalmometer

Question 23

Computed tomography scan

Answer 23

X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross action and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor

Question 24

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 24

Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Question 25

Thyroid scan

Answer 25

Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

Question 26

Ultrasound examination

Answer 26

sound waves show images of endocrine organs