Chapter 19- Reporting

Question 1

Who wrote the conditions of existence?

Answer 1

George Cuvier and Charles Bell

Question 2

● Adaptation through differences
● concentrated on the species distinctions that enable each species to adjust to its surroundings

Answer 2

Conditions of existence

Question 3

Who wrote the unity of type?

Answer 3

Geoffroy St. Hilaire and Richard Owen

Question 4

• is critical and secondary to that is evolution
  (adaptation)
• basic structural agreement that is
  present in organisms of the same class and is not influenced by their living styles

Answer 4

Unity of type

Question 5

• Homologies of embryo and larval structure serves as evidences

Answer 5

Descent with modification

Question 6

provide the basis for anterior-posterior
axis specification throughout the animal kingdom

Answer 6

Hox genes

Question 7

demonstrated that the human
HOXB4 gene could mimic the function of its
Drosophila homologue, deformed, when introduced into Dfd-deficient Drosophila embryos

Answer 7

Malicki et al. (1992)

Question 8

postulated that the Hox gene
expression pattern defines the development of all animals, and that the pattern of Hox gene expression is constant for all phyla

Answer 8

Slack et al. (1993)

Question 9

They have cataloged four critical
ways in which variation in Hox expression patterns might lead
to evolutionary change.

Answer 9

Gellon and McGinnis (1998)

Question 10

Four critical ways in which variation in Hox expression patterns might lead
to evolutionary change.

Answer 10

1. Changes in the Hox protein-responsive elements of downstream genes
2. Changes in Hox gene transcription patterns within a portion of the body
3. Changes in Hox gene transcription patterns between portions of the body
4. Changes in the number of Hox gene

Question 11

expressed in the imaginal disc
of the third thoracic segment (wing or haltere are derived)

Answer 11

Ultrabithorax gene (Ubx)

Question 12

is critical for providing the
proximal-distal axis of the appendages.

Answer 12

Distal-less (Dll) gene

Question 13

What gene is responsible why snakes are limbless?

Answer 13

HoxC-6 and HoxC-8

Question 14

is needed both for the polarity of
the limb and for maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Python hindlimb buds lack the AER.

Answer 14

Sonic hedgehog

Question 15

single hox gene complex per haploid
genome.

Answer 15

Invertebrates

Question 16

chelicerates possess unique characteristics where their head and
thorax are fused known as __________________

Answer 16

cephalothorax

Question 17

organisms that have two (2) body
segments, mainly: cephalothorax and abdomen. They have no antennae but have six pairs of appendages. e.g. spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs

Answer 17

Chelicerates

Question 18

arose from neural folds through
the attraction of the neural plate with the
presumptive epidermis

Answer 18

neural cell crest

Question 19

is a longitudinal ciliated groove
on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles.

Answer 19

Endostyle

Question 20

is a pharyngeal organ of uro- chordates,
cephalochordates, and primitive vertebrates. This organ has iodine-concentrating and iodine metabolism activities, and therefore the
endostyle is considered to be homologous to the follicle of these.

Answer 20

Thyroid gland

Question 21

it is used for specifying dorsal-ventral
polarity, which is used by mammals to activate
inflammatory proteins

Answer 21

Dorsal-cactus pathway

Question 22

This pathway involves the activation of cell
constituents to perform cellular metabolic processes. A ligand binding to its receptor conforming a signal to channel the secondary messengers inside the cell that gives another signal for the cell to perform a metabolic activity

Answer 22

Tyrosine-Kinase Pathway

Question 23

Three processes to alter development:

Answer 23

1. Dissociation (heterochrony & Allometry)
2. Duplication and Divergence
3. Co-option

Question 24

An embryo can change in one region without the other altering through mutation or environmental disruption

Answer 24

Dissociation

Question 25

these changes can occur together

Answer 25

spatial and temporal changes

Question 26

- involve the space /environment in changes

Answer 26

spatial

Question 27

the factors change from one time to in certain period of time

Answer 27

Temporal

Question 28

Change in the proportional time of two developmental mechanisms that pass down from one generation to another (relative to the ancestors)

Answer 28

Heterochrony

Question 29

Two types of heterochrony

Answer 29

1. paedomorphosis 2. peramorphosis

Question 30

type of heterochrony that is child shape

Answer 30

paedomorphosis

Question 31

type of heterochrony that is 'beyond-shape' accelerated and early development

Answer 31

peramorphosis

Question 32

changes in a gene's capacity to cause or induce the response to the hormones that cause transformation or the metamorphosis to occur

Answer 32

gene mutation

Question 33

abnormal development of the cells based on time

Answer 33

heterochronic expression

Question 34

● Different parts different growth rate ● Important to the body plan growth - due to different development or growth rate of the structure formed so it aid on body plan or the actual outcome of the organism structure that ultimately give benefits to the organism

Answer 34

Allometry

Question 35

- formation of unnecessary / other structures

Answer 35

Duplication

Question 36

give the formulated structure new roles (One of the copies can maintain the original role while the others are free to mutate and diverge functionally.)

Answer 36

Divergence

Question 37

● No structure/components have singular purpose/roles ● Structure or components can be used in many ways ● pre-existing units can be co-opted (recruited) for new functions.

Answer 37

Co-option

Question 38

procedure wherein an already-existing unit or the organism protein or genes is repurposed for a new application and function. - Found in molecular and morphological level

Answer 38

Co-opted

Question 39

A phenomenon in which multiple biological trait evolve together and how other structures change in response to the change of a single structure

Answer 39

Correlated progression

Question 40

A chemical messenger that is released by a cell to signal itself or other cells.

Answer 40

Ligands

Question 41

A protein that are inside or outside of the cell that receives signals and give a response

Answer 41

Receptors A

Question 42

Three types of Developmental Constraints

Answer 42

● Physical Constraints ● Morphogenetic Constraints ● Phyletic Constraints

Question 43

physical factors that limit the formation of mechanisms of an organism. These factors are Laws of diffusion, hydraulics, and physical support. - Elasticity and tensile strengths of tissue

Answer 43

Physical constraints

Question 44

is the development of normal structures that is controlled by the growth, differentiation, and movement of cells, and tissues.

Answer 44

morphogenetic

Question 45

- It involves morphogenetic construction rules such as the reaction- diffusion model that explain why some morphologies are forbidden

Answer 45

Morphogenetic constraints

Question 46

- Historical restrictions based on the genetics of an organism's development. - Once a structure comes to be generated by inductive interactions, it is difficult to start over again.

Answer 46

Phyletic constraints

Question 47

- biological structures that have lost a major ancestral formation and are usually drastically reduced in size.

Answer 47

vestigial

Question 48

Evolutionary modifications of cytoplasmic determinants in mollusc embryos can give rise to new types of larvae that still metamorphose into molluscs.

Answer 48

cytoplasmic determinants

Question 49

The formation of new body plans is inhibited by the need for global sequences of induction during this stage. - Before and after this stage, there are many inductive events but almost all of them occur within discrete modules

Answer 49

Neurula stage

Question 50

development appears to be buffered so that slight abnormalities of genotype or slight perturbations of the environment will not lead to the formation of abnormal phenotypes

Answer 50

Canalization (Buffer systems of development)

Question 51

- protein that binds to a set of signal transduction molecules that are inherently unstable. - provides a way to resist fluctuation due to slight mutation or environmental change

Answer 51

Heat shock protein Hsp90

Question 52

It has been one of the greatest intellectual achievements of biology. By merging the traditions of Darwin and Mendel, evolution within a species could be explained: Diversity within a population arose from the random production of mutations, and the environment acted to select the most fit phenotypes.

Answer 52

Modern synthesis

Question 53

The supposition that all evolutionary changes occur gradually was debated by Darwin and his friends

Answer 53

gradualism

Question 54

some major assumptions that have now been called into question

Answer 54

- gradualism - extrapolation of microevolution to macroevolution - specificity of phenotype from genotype - lack of genetic similarity in disparate organisms

Question 55

The idea that accumulations of small mutations result in changes leading to new species has also been criticized

Answer 55

Extrapolation of microevolution to macroevolution