Chapter 14- Reporting

Question 1

it was influenced by heat during intercourse and the environment, to the modern understanding that it is primarily determined by the X and Y chromosomes.

Answer 1

Sex determination

Question 2

carries a gene that encodes
a testis-determining factor, crucial for male sex determination

Answer 2

Y chromosome

Question 3

An individual with any number of
X chromosomes and a Y chromosome will be
_______, while an individual with only X
chromosomes will be _______, but a second X is
needed for a complete ovary

Answer 3

male, female

Question 4

involves the development of non-gonadal sexual characteristics, which are typically influenced by hormones and paracrine factors from the gonads.

Answer 4

secondary sex determination

Question 5

The sex of the offspring is
determined at fertilization by whether the egg
receives a second X (female) or a Y (male)
chromosome.

Answer 5

Primary sex determination

Question 6

cells that form testis cords and also secrete a factor that blocks female duct development and supports sperm production

Answer 6

sertoli cells

Question 7

cells that produce
testosterone

Answer 7

Leydig cells

Question 8

It accumulate near the
outer surface of the
gonad and become ova

Answer 8

germ cells

Question 9

remains intact
and differentiates into the
oviducts, uterus, cervix,
and upper vagina

Answer 9

Mullerian duct

Question 10

a protein crucial for testis determination

Answer 10

Sox9

Question 11

the sex determining gene on the Y chromosome

Answer 11

SRY gene

Question 12

Two pathways of pathway for organogenesis

Answer 12

Male pathway and female pathway

Question 13

act to block the ovary forming pathway, probably by blocking the function of
|3-catenin.

Answer 13

Sox9 and Fgf9

Question 14

is also critical in ovary formation,
since in human case studies several XX
individuals with RSPOl gene mutations became males.

Answer 14

R- spondin

Question 15

One possible target for β-catenin is the gene
encoding _________

Answer 15

TAFII105

Question 16

is another gene that is strongly
upregulated in ovaries

Answer 16

FoxL2

Question 17

• it causes proliferation of the Sertoli cell
  precursors and stimulates their differentiation
• activates the migration of endothelial cells from the adjacent mesonephros into the XY gonad

Answer 17

Fgf9

Question 18

• the necessary to make the bipotential gonad.
• a critical link between SRY and the male developmental pathway

Answer 18

steroidogenic factor1 (Sf1)

Question 19

is often called an “intersex”
but prefer to these conditions “disorders of sex development”

Answer 19

Hermaphrodites

Question 20

• is sex-determining genes that located on
  the X chromosomes.
• is overproduced and the gonads develop into ovaries despite the presence of the Y chromosomes

Answer 20

DAX1

Question 21

are involved in male sex determination
throughout the animal kingdom

Answer 21

Dmrt (double sex and mab-3-related transcription factor)

Question 22

is the formation of either an
ovary or a testis from the bipotential gonad

Answer 22

Primary sex determination

Question 23

They cannot respond to testosterone but can
respond to estrogen, so they
develop female secondary sex
characteristics

Answer 23

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 24

where male and female
traits are present in the same individual, are a
significant phenotype

Answer 24

intersex conditions

Question 25

where the fetus is male but gonadally female, is often caused by overproduction of androgens in the ovary or adrenal gland, often due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which lacks an enzyme for testosterone metabolism.

Answer 25

female pseudohermaphroditism

Question 26

is a primary masculinizing factor, but may not be the active masculinizing hormone in certain tissuesT

Answer 26

testosterone

Question 27

is a growth and differentiation factor from the TGF-p family secreted from fetal Sertoli cells, causing Mullerian duct degeneration

Answer 27

Anti-Mullerian factor (AMF)

Question 28

is crucial for fertility in both males and females, influencing the development of the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts

Answer 28

Estrogen

Question 29

are regions of the brain that regulate involvement during the fetal or neonatal stages of sexual development

Answer 29

estrogen and estradiol

Question 30

play a significant role in sexual behaviors in rodents.

Answer 30

pheromones

Question 31

an enzyme induced by estrogen, which increases the production of PGE2.

Answer 31

prostaglandin E2

Question 32

X chromosome contains genes encoding transcription factors that activate the critical gene in Drosophila sex determination, the autosomal locus

Answer 32

Sex-lethal (Sxl)

Question 33

gene is a gene in fruit flies that helps determine their sex. It is responsible for controlling whether a fruit fly develops as a male or a female.

Answer 33

Sex-lethal (Sxl)

Question 34

active only in cells with two X chromosomes (XX)

Answer 34

early promoter

Question 35

active in both XX and XY cells

Answer 35

later promoter

Question 36

three major targets of sex-lethal

Answer 36

1. The pre-mRNA of Sxl itself 2. The msl2 gene that controls dosage compensation 3. The pre-mRNA of transformer (tra)

Question 37

is active in both males and females, but its primary transcript is processed in a sex specific manner.

Answer 37

doublesex (dsx) gene

Question 38

a gene expressed in certain sets of neurons involved with male sexual behaviors

Answer 38

fruitless

Question 39

➢ Below 28°C, all the turtles hatching from the eggs will be male. ➢ Above 31°C, every egg gives rise to a female

Answer 39

red-eared slider turtle

Question 40

➢ Female at either cool (22°C or lower) or hot (28°C or above) temperatures ➢ Male between 22°C and 28°C

Answer 40

macrolemys

Question 41

➢ Temperatures above 30°C produces all females ➢ Temperatures below 25°C produce all-male broods ➢ The threshold temperature (at which the sex ratio is even) is 28.5°C

Answer 41

European pond turtle

Question 42

is influenced by temperature, with low levels favoring male development and higher levels favoring female development

Answer 42

aromatase activity

Question 43

a class of widespread pollutants introduced into the environment by humans, can act as estrogens

Answer 43

polychlorinated biphenyl compounds