Chapter 17- Reporting

Question 1

The field of developmental biology
offers valuable lessons for ____________________________, particularly in the context of
morphogenesis and tissue
maintenance, which are essential for
therapeutic applications.
o Application: Embryonic stem cell
therapy

Answer 1

regenerative
medicine

Question 2

Developmental biology provides
insights into how organisms grow and
develop, offering valuable knowledge
on the origins of diseases and potential
treatment strategies.

Answer 2

disease understanding

Question 3

Understanding the intricate processes
of development at the molecular and
cellular levels provides valuable insights
that can be harnessed for drug
discovery and treatment strategies

Answer 3

development of new drugs

Question 4

deletion or addition of
genes called ___________

Answer 4

chromosomal event

Question 5

gene having a multiple effect to multiple
phenotypic traits, called _________________

Answer 5

pleiotropy

Question 6

what are the two types of pleiotropy?

Answer 6

mosaic and relational pleiotropy

Question 7

• effect is produced
  independently by the same
  expression of gene.
• a gene is independently expressed in multiple tissues

Answer 7

mosaic pleiotropy

Question 8

is need for proliferation of blood stem cells,
pigment stem cells and germ
stem cells. Thus, in mutants of
this gene there is anemia,
sterility and albinism

Answer 8

KIT gene

Question 9

• abnormal tissue can affect
  other normal tissue, even if not
  expressing particular gene
• a gene is needed by only one
  particular tissue

Answer 9

relational pleiotropy

Question 10

• when same phenotype (or disease)
  are produced by a single gene that undergo
  different mutation

Answer 10

genetic heterogenity

Question 11

when the same genes can
produce different defects (or differing severities on the same defect) in different individuals

Answer 11

phenotypic heterogenity

Question 12

what are the developmental aspects of diseases?

Answer 12

• Genetic Syndrome
• Teratogenesis
• Endocrine Disruption
• Cancer

Question 13

• A disease of development where focus on
  mutations alteration the development on a
  deleterious way
• A syndrome that based on genetics can
  caused either the deletion or addition of
  genes called chromosomal event and by
  one gene having a multiple effect.

Answer 13

genetic syndrome

Question 14

environmental substances
cause birth defects.

Answer 14

teratogenesis

Question 15

is any agent that physically
or chemically alters developmental
processes and produces congenital
deformities.

Answer 15

teratogen

Question 16

is responsible for releasing hormones that direct various aspects of activities in the body such as growth and metabolism.

Answer 16

endocrine system

Question 17

natural or human-made chemicals that
may mimic, block, or interfere with the
endocrine system hormones of the body.

Answer 17

endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

Question 18

can be seen as a result of altered
development. Many endocrine disruptors
are known to cause tumors as well as
developmental abnormalities, and this
is increasingly being studied as a disease of
development.

Answer 18

cancer

Question 19

formation of new blood vessels.
These blood vessels can then be used to supply blood to tumor and the tumor could secrete molecules such as VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor).

Answer 19

angiogenesis

Question 20

is a signal protein produced by cells
that stimulates the formation of blood
vessels. It’s important in wound healing,
development, and certain diseases like
cancer where tumors stimulate blood vessel
growth to feed themselves.

Answer 20

Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor (VEGF)

Question 21

drugs that prevent/inhibit angiogenesis activity. Some are
already FDA-approved for human use

Answer 21

angiogenesis inhibitors

Question 22

tyrosine kinase inhibitor,
medication used in the treatment of
advanced renal cell carcinoma (kidney
cancer)

Answer 22

axitinib

Question 23

VEGF inhibitor, medication
used in the treatment of various cancers,
including colorectal cancer, lung cancer,
kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, and certain
types of brain tumors.

Answer 23

bevacizumab

Question 24

tyrosine kinase inhibitor,
medication used in the treatment of certain
types of cancer, including advanced renal
cell carcinoma (kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer),
and medullary thyroid cancer.

Answer 24

cabozantinib

Question 25

• Inability to achieve/sustain pregnancy.
• Can be caused by regular unprotected
  sexual intercourse
• NOT a disease, but a reproductive disorder
  or medical condition
• Failure of ovulation, physical blockage,
  sperm defect

Answer 25

infertility

Question 26

two types of assisted reproduction technology (ART)

Answer 26

o Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
o Conventional In vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Question 27

In vitro fertilization

Answer 27

assisted reproduction technology (ART)

Question 28

four steps of assisted reproduction technology (ART)

Answer 28

o Ovarian Stimulation
o Eggs retrieval, aspiration
o Fertilization, sperm collection and
“washing”
o Embryo transfer

Question 29

Procedure in which a single sperm is
injected directly into an egg
o In vitro fertilization, Type of ART

Answer 29

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Question 30

During in vitro fertilization, eggs are
removed from sacs called follicles within an
ovary. It is then transferred to a donor ovary of healthy status for a new place to grow upon.

Answer 30

ovary transfer

Question 31

are pluripotent cells that
have the ability to differentiate into any type of
cell in the body

Answer 31

embryonic stem cells

Question 32

Applications of regenerative medicine

Answer 32

• Heart disease
• Neurological disorders
• Diabetes
• Organ failure