Chapter 18- Reporting

Question 1

– the ability of an organism
to react to an environmental input with a
change in form, state, movement, or rate of
activity

Answer 1

phenotypic plasticity

Question 2

refers to the ability of
an organism to adapt and change its physical
characteristics or behavior in response to
environmental cues or stimuli during its
development

Answer 2

developmental plasticity

Question 2

the genome encodes
potential for a continuous range of potential
phenotypes, and the environment the individual encounters determines the phenotype.

Answer 2

reaction norm

Question 3

refers to discontinuous
phenotypes elicited by the environment

Answer 3

polyphenisms

Question 4

• The phenomenon where an organism’s
  physical characteristics or traits are
  influenced by its diet.

Answer 4

diet- induced polyphenisms

Question 5

is determined by diet-induced changes in
DNA methylation patterns

Answer 5

honeybee caste

Question 6

A phenomenon where an organism exhibits
traits in response to the presence of
predators. This adaptation allows the
organism to better survive and avoid
predation

Answer 6

predator- induced polyphenisms

Question 7

chemicals that are
released by a predator and can induce
defenses in its prey

Answer 7

kairomones

Question 8

it can act as an environmental factor that
influences various aspects of life, including
sex determination in certain species

Answer 8

temperature

Question 9

an individual’s sexual behavior usually
corresponds with its reproductive organs

Answer 9

environmental determination of sex

Question 10

the process of adding a molecule (methyl group) to DNA that can alter how genes are
expressed.

Answer 10

DNA methylation

Question 11

was conducted to observe how
maternal grooming affects DNA
methylation and behavior in adult rats.

Answer 11

Epigenetic Programming
by Maternal Behavior

Question 12

provides remarkable examples of
phenotypic plasticity.
* New neurons are generated during this
process.

Answer 12

learning

Question 13

transmits electrical impulses via two
optic nerves that converge at the optic
chiasm, delivering signals to both
hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 13

retina

Question 14

This process is facilitated by the lateral
geniculate nuclei, which ensure that each
eye’s input is kept distinct, enabling
binocular vision and depth perception

Answer 14

experiential changes

Question 15

They sewed shut the right eyelids of newborn kittens and left them closed for three months.

Answer 15

Hubel and Wiesel

Question 16

Two principles govern the patterning of the
mammalian visual system:

Answer 16

• neuronal connections involved are present even before animal sees
• experience plays a crucial role in determining whether or not certain connections persist

Question 17

• which allows many species
  of insects and mammals to survive harsh
  conditions.
• a suspension of development that
  can occur at the embryonic, larval, pupal, or
  adult stage, depending on the species.

Answer 17

diapause

Question 18

cues beginning before the
severe conditions arise

Answer 18

presage

Question 19

the sperm are
stored for later use

Answer 19

delayed fertilization

Question 20

the blastocyst remains unimplanted in the uterus, and the rate of cell division diminishes.

Answer 20

delayed implantation

Question 21

embryos conceived in autumn will be born in spring rather than winter

Answer 21

season diapause

Question 22

the ability of marine larvae to
suspend development until they experience a
particular environmental cue.

Answer 22

larval settlement

Question 23

are responsible for regulating the larval settlement process in many
marine invertebrate

Answer 23

biofilms

Question 24

They will change their development according to an environmental stress

Answer 24

spadefoot toad

Question 25

denotes the intimate interrelationship between organisms of disparate species. * Typically, one organism assumes the role of the host, while the other serves as the symbiont, often displaying a significant size differential.

Answer 25

symbiosis

Question 26

types of symbiosis

Answer 26

parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

Question 27

Characterized by one partner benefiting at the expense of the other, exemplified by instances such as tapeworm infestations within the human digestive tract

Answer 27

parasitism

Question 28

Signifying a reciprocal beneficial association, as seen in the partnership between the Egyptian plover and the Nile crocodile.

Answer 28

mutualism

Question 29

Reflecting a relationship where one participant derives benefit without causing harm to the other, albeit with few occurrences presenting as truly neutral.

Answer 29

commensalism

Question 30

Refers to the scenario wherein one cell resides within another, elucidating the evolutionary origins of eukaryotic cell organelles.

Answer 30

endosymbiosis

Question 31

Importance of symbiosis

Answer 31

- vital for terrestrial existence - conversion of atmospheric nitrogen and indispensable symbioses between fungi and plants

Question 32

* Refers to the transfer of symbionts from one generation to the next via germ cells, typically eggs

Answer 32

vertical transmission

Question 33

utilized host cell mechanisms to travel into developing oocytes, eventually becoming endosymbionts.

Answer 33

wolbachia

Question 34

- Involves the acquisition of symbionts after birth, either from the environment or other members of the species. - is essential for symbiotic gut bacteria in many animals, including humans.

Answer 34

horizontal transmission

Question 35

secretes fragments of its cell wall, including tracheal cytotoxin and lipopolysaccharide, to induce host changes

Answer 35

Vibrio fischeri

Question 36

Benefits of symbiosis

Answer 36

- gains a habitat and expresses light- generating enzymes - develops light organ, enabling nocturnal swimming in shallow waters without casting shadows.

Question 37

species rely on each other to the extent that neither can survive independently.

Answer 37

obligate developmental mutualism

Question 38

a potent herbicide, can disrupt obligate mutualisms by killing algal symbionts essential for oxygen supply to amphibian and snail eggs.

Answer 38

atrazine

Question 39

a human parasite, relies on Wolbachia bacteria for development.

Answer 39

filariasis worm

Question 40

has occurred, with mammalian cells primed to bind to bacteria, inducing gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells.

Answer 40

coevolution

Question 41

crucial for mucosal immunity and oral immune tolerance, is dependent on intestinal microbes

Answer 41

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) maturation

Question 42

play a significant role in inducing the host's immune system

Answer 42

bacterial polysaccharide-A (PSA)