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DevBio ni Ma'am K > Chapter 9- Reporting > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

These cells are develop to form the vertebrate nervous system as well as the epidermis of an organism

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

three major domains of ectoderm

A

surface, neural crest, and neural tube

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3
Q

→ is also known as the epidermis
→ the outer layer of our skin

A

surface

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4
Q

→ the region that connects the neural tube and the epidermis

A

neural crest

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5
Q

→ forms the brain and the spinal cord

A

neural tube

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6
Q

what are the parts of the surface of ectoderm

A

● epidermis
● hair
● sebaceous glands
● olfactory epithelium
● mouth epithelium
● lens and cornea

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7
Q

parts of the neural crest

A

● peripheral nervous system
● adrenal medulla
● melanocytes
● facial cartilage
● dentine of teeth

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8
Q

what does peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

○ schwann cells
○ neuroglial cells
○ sympathetic nervous system
○ parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

parts of the neural tube

A

● brain
● neural pituitary
● spinal cord
● motor neurons
● retina

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10
Q

→ it is a structure that serves as the basis for
the nervous system

A

neural plate

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11
Q

is a flexible rod-shape found in embryos of
all chordates composed of mesodermal cells

A

notochord

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12
Q

→ a part of both digestive and respiratory system

A

pharynx

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13
Q

4 Stages of Pluripotent Development into
Neuroblast

A

competence
specification
commitment
differentiation

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14
Q

→ multipotent cells become neuroblast once they are exposed to the appropriate signals
→ have the ability to response to the particular signal

A

competence

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15
Q

→ the cells received the signals and successfully develop into neuroblasts, but… progression along the neural differentiation pathway repressed by other signal
→ which means, it is a transition between cells to become anything with their own fates

A

specification

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16
Q

→ the neuroblasts enter the neural differentiation pathway and become neurons even in the presence of signals
→ cells will develop into neuroblasts and cannot be reversed

A

commitment

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17
Q

→ the neuroblasts leave the mitotic cycle and
express those genes characteristics of neurons
→ this is a process in which the unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions

A

differentiation

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18
Q

2 Ways of Neural Tube Formation

A

primary neurulation and secondary neurulation

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19
Q

→ the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off the surface to form a hollow tube
→ the formation of the neural tube direct came from the ectoderm

A

primary neurulation

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20
Q

→ the neural tube arises from the coalescence of mesenchyme cells into a solid cord that subsequently forms cavities that coalesce to create a hollow tube
→ neural tube arises from mesenchyme cells underneath the ectoderm

A

secondary neurulation

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21
Q

3 Sets of Cells in Ectoderm

A

● the internally positioned neural tube
● the externally positioned epidermis of the skin
● the neural crest

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22
Q

forms when the edges of neural plate
thicken and move upward

A

neural folds

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23
Q

appears in the center of the plate,
dividing the future right and left sides of the embryo

A

neural groove

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24
Q

4 Stages of Neurulation

A
  1. Formation and folding of the neural tube
  2. Shaping and elevation of the neural tube
  3. Convergence of the neural folds, creating a
    neural groove
  4. Closure of the neural groove to form the neural tube
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25
Q

important factor in shaping the
neural plate

A

epidermis

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26
Q

in birds and mammals, the cells at the
midline of the neural plate forms the ______________________

A

medial hinge point (MHP)

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27
Q

Primary Neurulation is regulated by two forces:

A

intrinsic wedging and extrinsic forces

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28
Q

→ occurs within cells of the hinge regions,
bending the neural plate

A

intrinsic wedging

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29
Q

→ the migration of the surface ectoderm
toward the center of the embryo

A

extrinsic forces

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30
Q

anchored to
the surface ectoderm, and increase their height and
become wedge-shaped

A

dorsolateral hinge points

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31
Q

this is intimately linked to
changes in cell shape

A

cell wedging

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32
Q
  • an inhibitor of
    microtubule polymerization
  • inhibits the elongation of these
    cells
A

colchicine

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33
Q

an inhibitor of the
microfilament formation
- prevents the apical constriction
of these cells, thereby inhibiting
wedge formation

A

cytochalasin B

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34
Q

the actin-binding protein Shroom critical
in initiating the apical constriction to bend the neural
plate

A

xenopus

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35
Q

2 Open Ends of Neural Plate

A

anterior and posterior neuropore

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36
Q

→ failure to close the posterior neuropore
around day 27 of development
→ the severity depends on how much of the
spinal cord remains exposed
→ similar defect this time occurring at the
caudal end of the neural tube

A

spina bifida

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37
Q

→ a lethal condition in which failure to close
sites 2 and 3 in the rostal neural tube keeps the
anterior neuropore open
→ the forebrain remains in contact with the
amniotic fluid and subsequently degenerates
→ the fetal forebrain ceases development and
the vault of the skull fails to form
→ absence of the major portion of the brain
that occurs during embryonic development
→a cephalic disorder that results from a neural
tube defect occurring when the rostal end of
the neural fails to close
→ typically happens between the 23rd and
26th day of conception

A

anencephaly

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38
Q

→ failure of the entire neural tube to close over
the entire body axis
→ neural tube closure is also the result of extrinsic and
intrinsic forces

A

craniorachischisis

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39
Q

Essential for Neural Tube Formation

A

● Pax3
● Sonic hedgehog
● Openbrain genes
● Cholesterol
● Folate

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40
Q
  • important in mediating neural tube
    closure
    → pregnant women are often advised to take
    supplements of folic acid due to the role that
    foliate binding protein exerts on neural tube
    closure
A

folate

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41
Q

→ the central portion of this cord undergoes
cavitation to form hollow spaces called ___________

A

lumens

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42
Q

the neural tube and its lumen
bulge and constrict to form the chambers of the brain and
spinal cord.

A

gross anatomy level

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43
Q

the cell populations in the wall of the neural
tube rearrange themselves to form the different functional
regions of the brain and spinal cord.

A

tissue level

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44
Q

The neuroepithelial cells transform into
the various nerve cells (neurons) and supportive cells (glia)
found in the body

A

cellular level

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45
Q

Primary vesicles of anterior- posterior axis

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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46
Q

subdivided into the anterior
telencephalon and the more caudal
diencephalon

A

prosencephalon

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47
Q

subdivided into the anterior
telencephalon and the more caudal diencephalon

A

mesencephalon

48
Q

subdivided into the anterior
telencephalon and the more caudal
diencephalon

A

rhombencephalon

49
Q

Secondary vesicles of anterior- posterior axis

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
50
Q

will eventually form the
cerebral hemispheres

A

telencephalon

51
Q

will form the optic
vesicles—the future retina—as well as the
thalamic and hypothalamic brain regions,
which receive neural input from the retina.
The retina is its derivative

A

diencephalon

52
Q

remains undivided, and
its inner space eventually forms the
cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalon

53
Q

The lower part of the
brain (myelencephalon) becomes the
medulla oblongata, which controls things
like feeling pain in the head and neck,
hearing, moving the tongue, and regulating
heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.

A

metencephalon

54
Q

becomes the cerebellum,
which helps coordinate movement,
balance, and posture

A

myelencephalon

55
Q

The top-bottom differences in the neural tube are caused by signals around it. The _______________ is influenced by the notochord below it, while the _______________ is influenced by the skin above it.

A

ventral side, dorsal side

56
Q

Two important signaling molecules in dorsal-ventral axis

A
  1. Sonic Hedgehog
  2. TGF-β protein
57
Q

is secreted from the notochord and induces the medial hinge point cells to become the floor plate of the neural tube

A

sonic hedgehog

58
Q

The dorsal fates of the neural tube are
established by proteins of the TGF-p superfamily (BMP4 and BMP7)

A

TGF-β

59
Q

The fate of the _________part of the neural
tube is decided by certain proteins, like
BMPs 4 and 7, dorsalin, and activin, which
are part of a family called TGF-β

A

dorsal

60
Q

In the ___________ part of the neural tube, there’s
a gradient of Sonic hedgehog which
determines what kind of cells form based
on how much of it they get

A

ventral

61
Q

3 main types of the cells in brain

A

● ventricular (ependymal)
● precursors of the neurons
● precursors of the glial cells

62
Q

Important feature of a developing neuron

A

● Dendrites
● Synapses
● Axon
● Cell body or som
● Neurite

63
Q

Within the central nervous sys- tem, axons are
insulated at intervals by processes that originate from a type of glial cell called an _______________

A

oligodendrocyte

64
Q

The oligodendrocyte wraps itself around the
developing axon, then produces a specialized
cell membrane called a ___________

A

myelin sheath

65
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, myeli- nation is accomplished by a glial cell type called the

A

Schwann cell

66
Q

are specialized for secreting specific chemical
neurotransmitters across the small gap (the synaptic cleft) that separates the axon of a neuron from the surface of its target cell.

A

axon

67
Q

comprises neurons
organized into layers (cortices) and clusters (nuclei), each
with specific functions and connections.

A

CNS

68
Q

a layer of rapidly dividing neural stem
cells.

A

neuroepithelium

69
Q

Adjacent cells to the lumen continue to divide, forming a
second layer known as the___________

A

mantle zone

70
Q

Neurons in the mantle zone make connections and send axons away from the lumen, creating a _______________________

A

cell-poor marginal
zone

71
Q

the largest part of the brain, plays a
pivotal role in cognitive functions and sensory processing. It is responsible for higher-order functions such as perception, memory, language, and decision-making

A

cerebrum

72
Q

the outer layer of the cerebral
hemispheres, plays a crucial role in cognitive
functions such as perception, memory, and
language. Its formation begins with the intricate orchestration of stem cells and precursor cells within the developing brain.

A

neocortex

73
Q

→ Divide at the apical (luminal) surface of the
ventricular layer

A

radial glia cells

74
Q

they are committed neural precursors

A

short neural precursor

75
Q

they undergo neurogenic divisions, with a small fraction undergoing symmetrical proliferative divisions (dotted circular arrow).

A

intermediate progenitor cells

76
Q

three types of neural precursor cells

A
  • Radial glia cells
  • short neural precursors
  • intermediate progenitor cells
77
Q

It accumulate as the eye field becomes
specified

A

Otx2

78
Q

Neurulation continues as usual which causes the eye field to fold into the neural tube, leaving ____________ ____________

A

optic grooves

79
Q

The optic grooves grow into the surface ectoderm, becoming ________________ in the process

A

optic vesicles

80
Q

The point of contact of the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm forms the ______________which will soon form the retina

A

lens placode

81
Q

A transcription factor involved in the
development of various organs, including the eye.

A

Pax2

82
Q

important for the development of
melanocytes and pigmented tissues.

A

MITF: (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor)

83
Q

critical for eye
development and retinal differentiation

A

Rx gene: Retinal homeobox gene

84
Q

A transcription factor that regulates
the expression of genes involved in eye
development and patterning.

A

Otx2 protein

85
Q

A transcription factor essential for eye
development, particularly in the formation of the retina and lens.

A

Pax6

86
Q

A transcription factor involved in eye
development, including the specification of retinal neurons.

A

Six3

87
Q

The retina contains ________________, maintaining its integrity, as well as ________________ and horizontal neurons, which transmit impulses within the retina

A

muller glial cells, amacrine neurons

88
Q

are proteins found abundantly
in the lens of the eye, contributing to its transparency and
refractive properties

A

crystallins

89
Q

If Pax6 has a loss-of-function mutation, the
organism will have ____________________________

A

small eyes or no eyes at all

90
Q

If the Sonic hedgehog protein is inhibited, the eye field fails to divide, resulting in __________

A

cyclopia

91
Q

If the Sonic hedgehog protein is overexpressed, the
eyes ________________

A

fail to form

92
Q

● It is the outer layer of skin
● Originates from the ectodermal (* cells
covering the embryo after neurulation.)

A

epidermis

93
Q

gives rise to the periderm

A

outer layer

94
Q

give rise to the true epidermis

A

basal layer or stratum germinativum

95
Q

The basal layer divides to produce an
outer population of cells that constitute
the spinous layer. Together, these two
layers are referred to as the ______________

A

malpighian layer

96
Q

Cells of the Malpighian layer further
divide to produce the ______________of
the epidermis. Cells in this layer
contain granules of the protein keratin.

A

granular layer

97
Q

Cells in the granular layer begin to
differentiate into epidermal skin cells
called

A

keratinocytes

98
Q

As keratinocytes mature, they migrate
outward and form the _______________________. These cells become
flattened sacs of keratin protein, with
their nuclei pushed to one edge of the
cell

A

cornified layer (stratum corneum)

99
Q

derived from the neural
crest, reside in the Malpighian layer.
They transfer pigment sacs
(melanosomes) to developing
keratinocytes, contributing to skin
pigmentation.

A

melanocyte

100
Q

Factors that Stimulate Development of the
Epidermis

A
  • BMPs and p63 transcription factors
  • p63 transcription factor
  • jagged and notch pathway
101
Q
  • It regulates keratinocyte proliferation
    and differentiation.
A

p63

102
Q

what are the cutaneous appendages?

A

hair, scale, feather

103
Q

what do you call the epidermal thickening?

A

placodes

104
Q

This signaling mechanism determines the fate of the cells if they will be a hair follicle or an
epidermal cell.

A

Wnt signaling

105
Q

The dermal fibroblasts
respond to the ingression of
epidermal cells by forming
___________________

A

dermal papilla

106
Q

The papilla signals the
proliferation of the hair
germ, making it into a
primitive _________________

A

hair shaft (hair peg)

107
Q

what are the types of hair?

A

lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair

108
Q

→ The first hairs in the human embryo. Thin, and closely spaced

A

lanugo

109
Q

→ Fine, unpigmented and covers the body of
children and adults.

A

vellus hair

110
Q

type of hair that is longer and thicker.

A

terminal hair

111
Q

is one structure that mammals are able to
regenerate

A

hair

112
Q

● The first phase is the _________ where the hair grows, there is a blood supply that nourishes the hair follicle that enables it to grow.
● The second phase is the _________, where the hair lost its blood supply, so it stopped growing.
● The third phase is the ___________, where the hair dies and falls off eventually.
● And then it will return to ____________, a new hair will grow

A

anagen, catagen, telogen, anagen

113
Q

he drew the histology of the
human hair, he believed that the “bulge” is the
attachment area for the arrector pili.

A

Phillipp Stohr

114
Q

It gives rise to the hair shaft, sheath, and
sebaceous gland,

A

multipotent follicular stem cell

115
Q

It gives rise to
the pigment of the skin and hair

A

melanocyte stem cell

116
Q

The bulge appears to be a niche that allows
cells to retain the quality of “_________-.”

A

stemness

DevBio ni Ma'am K (15 decks)

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