Unit 3

Question 1

first known study of comparative anatomy was undertaken by _________

Answer 1

aristotle

Question 2

some animals are born from eggs

Answer 2

oviparity

Question 3

some live by birth

Answer 3

viviparity

Question 4

some by producing an egg that hatches inside the body

Answer 4

ovoviviparity

Question 5

two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed

Answer 5

holoblastic and meroblastic pattern of cleavage

Question 6

he concluded that all animals, even mammals, originate from eggs.

Answer 6

William Harvey

Question 7

Ex ovo omnia means ___________

Answer 7

all from the egg

Question 8

he published the first microscopic account of chick development

Answer 8

Marcello Malphigi

Question 9

the egg or sperm contains an embryo

Answer 9

preformationism

Question 10

a preformed miniature infant or ___________ that simply becomes larger during development

Answer 10

homunculus

Question 11

a period of rapid cell division without growth

Answer 11

cleavage

Question 12

cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called ____________

Answer 12

blastomeres

Question 13

this is a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity

Answer 13

blastula

Question 14

this is a fluid-filled cavity in blastula

Answer 14

blastocoel

Question 15

the eggs and zygotes of many animals except _________ have a definite polarity

Answer 15

mammals

Question 16

it is defined by the distribution of yolk with the vegetal pole having the most yolk and the animal pole having the least

Answer 16

polarity

Question 17

the distribution of yolk with the most yolk

Answer 17

vegetal pole

Question 18

the distribution yolk with the least yolk

Answer 18

animal pole

Question 19

the cleavage furrow extends through entire egg

Answer 19

holoblastic cleavage

Question 20

eggs undergoing partial cleavage, resulting in unequal blastomeres

Answer 20

Meroblastic cleavage

Question 21

two types of meroblastic cleavage

Answer 21

Discoidal and superficial

Question 22

this is limited to a small disc of cytoplasm at the animal pole

Answer 22

discoidal cleavage

Question 23

this is limited to a thin surface area of cytoplasm that covers the entire egg

Answer 23

superficial cleavage

Question 24

types of eggs under holoblastic cleavage

Answer 24

isolecithal, mesolecithal, telolecithal, centrolecithal

Question 25

they have small amount of yolk that is equally distributed in the cytoplasm

Answer 25

isolecithal eggs

Question 26

they have a moderate amount of yolk, and the yolk is present mainly in the vegetal hemisphere

Answer 26

mesolecithal eggs

Question 27

they have a large amount of yolk that fills the cytoplasm, except for a small area, the animal pole

Answer 27

telolecithal

Question 28

they have a lot of yolk that is concentrated within the center of the cell

Answer 28

centrolecithal eggs

Question 29

the process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations involves; gastrulation and organogenesis

Answer 29

Morphogenesis

Question 30

the movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

Answer 30

gastrulation

Question 31

this is the formation of the organs

Answer 31

organogenesis

Question 32

having two germ layers

Answer 32

diploblast

Question 33

having three embryonic germ layers

Answer 33

triploblasts

Question 34

what are the three embryonic germ layer of triploblast?

Answer 34

Acoelomates, coelomates, pseudocoelomates

Question 35

- this is the epidermis of ski and its derivatives (including sweat glands, hair follicles) - pituitary gland, nervous and sensory system, jaws and teeth, germ cells

Answer 35

Ectoderm

Question 36

- this is the middle layer of the embryo - skeletal and muscular system, circulatory and lymphatic system, excretory and reproductive system, dermis of skin, adrenal cortex

Answer 36

Mesoderm

Question 37

- this is the inner layer of embryo - epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs - epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive organs, thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

Answer 37

Endoderm

Question 38

types of cell arrangement in the embryo

Answer 38

epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell

Question 39

these are tightly connected to one another in sheet or tubes

Answer 39

epithelial cells

Question 40

they are unconnected or loosely connected to one another and can operate as independent units

Answer 40

mesenchymal cells

Question 41

what are the gastrulation cell movements

Answer 41

invagination involution delamination epiboly ingression

Question 42

infolding of epithelium, mesenchymal is present

Answer 42

invagination

Question 43

inward movement of expounding outer layer/ external cell

Answer 43

involution

Question 44

splitting of one to more parallel shape

Answer 44

delamination

Question 45

epithelial sheath movement, to enclose deeper cell - formation of ectoderm

Answer 45

epiboly

Question 46

there is a migration from surface to embryo's interior - formation in mesoderm

Answer 46

ingression

Question 47

where does gastrulation begins in sea urchins

Answer 47

vegetal pole of the blastula

Question 48

this is the newly formed cavity

Answer 48

archenteron

Question 49

archenteron is the newly formed cavity and will open and will form ________

Answer 49

blastophore

Question 50

it open from mouth to anus

Answer 50

protosome

Question 51

it opens from anus to mouth

Answer 51

deuterostome

Question 52

the part above the crease is called the _______ _____ of the blastophore

Answer 52

dorsal lip

Question 53

the midline thickens and is called the _____________

Answer 53

primitive streak

Question 54

it contributes to the sac that surrounds the yolk and a connection between the yolk and the embryo, but do not contribute to the embryo itself

Answer 54

hypoblast cells

Question 55

humans eggs have _______ yolk

Answer 55

very little

Question 56

it is the human equivalent of the blastula

Answer 56

blastocyst

Question 57

this is a cluster of cells at one end of the blastocyst

Answer 57

inner cell mass

Question 58

it is the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and does not contribute to the embryo, but instead initiates implantation

Answer 58

tropoblast

Question 59

embryos are surrounded by a fluid in sac called _______

Answer 59

amnion

Question 60

this protects the embryo from dessication and allows reproduction on dry land

Answer 60

amnion

Question 61

mammals and reptiles including birds are called ________

Answer 61

amniotes

Question 62

it forms from mesoderm and later on will become neural tube

Answer 62

notochord

Question 63

it begins as cells from the dorsal mesoderm form the notochord

Answer 63

Neurulations

Question 64

the neural tube will become _________

Answer 64

CNS

Question 65

it develops along the neural tube of vertebrates and form various parts of the embryo

Answer 65

neural crest cells

Question 66

mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms blocks called ________

Answer 66

somites

Question 67

he recognized that there is a common pattern to all vertebrate development

Answer 67

Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 68

Von Baer laws

Answer 68

1. general features of large group of animals appear earlier in development than specialized features of smaller group 2. less general characters develop from the more general until most specialized appear 3. embryo of a given species instead of passing through the adult stages of lower animals, departs more and more 4. early embryo of higher animal is never like a lower animal, only like its early embryo

Question 69

it is a major force in changing cell shape during development

Answer 69

reorganization of the cytoskeleton

Question 70

it promotes elongation of the archenteron in the sea urchin embryo

Answer 70

cytoskeleton

Question 71

the rearrangement of cells of a tissue that cause it to become narrower and longer

Answer 71

convergent extension

Question 72

this is the meshwork of secreted glycoproteins and other macromolecules lying outside the plasma membrane of cells

Answer 72

ECM

Question 73

programmed cell death

Answer 73

apoptosis

Question 74

it is used to describe the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes committed to a particular fate

Answer 74

determination

Question 75

resulting specialization in structure and function

Answer 75

differentiation

Question 76

diagrams showing organs and other structures that arise from each region of an embryo

Answer 76

fate maps

Question 77

researchers were able to determine the lineage of each of the ___ somatic cells in the worm

Answer 77

959

Question 78

they are specialized cells that give rise to sperm or eggs

Answer 78

germ cells

Question 79

it persist throughout development, and can be detected in germ cells of the adult worm

Answer 79

P granules

Question 80

what are the axis formations?

Answer 80

right-left axes anterior-posterior axes dorsal-ventral axes

Question 81

axis formation that is largely symmetrical

Answer 81

right-left axis

Question 82

axis formation that is not determined until fertilization

Answer 82

dorsal-ventral axis

Question 83

it is involved in establishing the anterior-posterior axis

Answer 83

gravity

Question 84

he performed experiments to determine a cell's developmental potential

Answer 84

Hans Speman

Question 85

the first two blastomeres of the frog embryo ate ________

Answer 85

totipotent

Question 86

They transplanted tissues between early gastrulas and found that the transplanted dorsal lip triggered a second gastrulation in the host

Answer 86

Speman and Mangold

Question 87

it functions as an organizer of the embryo body plan, including changes in surrounding tissues to form notochord, neural tube, so on

Answer 87

dorsal lip

Question 88

development of spatial organization

Answer 88

pattern formation

Question 89

the molecular cues that control pattern formation are called ________

Answer 89

positional information

Question 90

it is thickened ectoderm at the bud's tip

Answer 90

apical ectoderm ridge

Question 91

it is mesodermal tissue under the ectoderm where the posterior side of the bud is attached to the body

Answer 91

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

Question 92

It is an inductive signal for limb development

Answer 92

Sonic hedgehog

Question 93

it plays a role during limb pattern formation

Answer 93

hox genes

Question 94

it is essential for proper specification of cell fate in the human embryo

Answer 94

ciliary function

Question 95

it play roles in left-right specification

Answer 95

motile cilia

Question 96

play roles in normal kidney development

Answer 96

Monocilia