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DevBio ni Ma'am K > Chapter 12- Reporting > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

The dorsal layer is the _________________, which
underlies ectoderm and, forms
the _______________

A

somatic (parietal) mesoderm, somatopleure

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2
Q

The ventral layer is the
__________________________,
which overlies endoderm and,
forms the ______________________

A

splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm, splanchnopleure

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3
Q

the space between the two layers becomes the body cavity and called _________________

A

coelom

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4
Q

In mammals, the coelom is subdivided
into the ________, ________, and ________, enveloping the
thorax, heart, and abdomen, respectively

A

pleural, pericardial, and
peritoneal cavities

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5
Q

this is the first functional unit in embryo development,
with the heart as the first functioning
organ–heart, blood cells, and an intricate
system of blood vessels.

A

circulatory system

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6
Q

Contributes to forming
the early heart structure,
including the left
ventricle, parts of the
atria, and the outflow
tract.

A

primary (blue)

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7
Q

Supports heart growth by
adding cells to the initial
structure, forming the
right ventricle, remaining
atrial parts, and the
inflow tract.

A

secondary (red)

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8
Q

It become the base of the aorta and pulmonary arteries, and the right ventricle

A

conus arteriosus and truncus arteriosus

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9
Q

Cardiogenic mesoderm
specification and heart formation
rely on signals from adjacent
endoderm, especially the anterior
region, via ______ and ______
signaling pathways. This
interplay among cell layers is
crucial for proper heart
development in embryogenesis

A

BMP and FGF

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10
Q

This is essential for heart formation; its
removal halts heart development.
Posterior endoderm lacks the
ability to induce heart cell
formation. BMPs from the
endoderm stimulate heart and
blood development

A

anterior endoderm

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11
Q

activated by BMP
signaling, is vital for cardiac
protein expression.

A

Fgf8

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12
Q

During embryonic development,
migrating cardiac precursor cells
in the posterior region encounter
rising levels of ___________________ from neighboring tissues,
especially the posterior
mesoderm.

A

retinoic acid (RA)

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13
Q

What are the two heart-forming primordia?

A

endocardium and mycardium

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14
Q

It lines the heart and is
continuous with blood
vessels.

A

endocardium

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15
Q

It will give rise to the
heart muscles that will
pump for the lifetime of
the organism

A

myocardium

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16
Q

carry nutrients from the yolk
sac into the heart’s sinus
venosus, where they flow
into the atrial region
through a valve-like flap

A

vitelline veins

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17
Q

The initial formation of blood vessels
gives rise to the complex network of arteries,
veins, and capillaries in the body

A

vasculogenesis

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18
Q

what are the three types of constraints on the construction of blood vessels?

A

physiological, evolutionary and physical

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19
Q

The embryonic
cells must obtain nourishment.

A

physiological constraint

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20
Q

Extension of
blood vessels to the yolk sac

A

evolutionary constraint

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21
Q
  • Transport of fluids
    performed by large tubes.
A

physical constraint

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22
Q

During vasculogenesis, a network of
blood vessels is created _________ from
the lateral plate mesoderm.

A

de novo

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23
Q

Blood vessels and blood cells are
believed to share a common precursor,
the ______________.

A

hemangioblast

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24
Q

Common progenitor blood vessels and
blood cells:

A

hematopoietic and endothelial

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25
Q

The pathway whereby ventral mesoderm cells
differentiate into hemangioblasts appears to be induced by the _______________ and the notch signaling pathway

A

Cdx4 gene

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26
Q

Phases of vasculogenesis

A
  • cell leaving the primitive streak
  • angioblast multiply and differentiate into endothelial cells
  • endothelial cells form and connect to form the primary capillary plexus
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27
Q

this is the network of capillaries

A

plexus

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28
Q

Blood vessel formation is first seen in the _________________, where undifferentiated
mesenchyme cells cluster to form blood islands.

A

wall of the yolk sac

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29
Q

sites of vasculogenesis

A

extraembryonic and intraembryonic vasculogenesis

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30
Q

Growth factors and vasculogenesis

A
  • basic fibroblast growth factor
  • vascular endothelial growth factors
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31
Q

required for the generation of
hemangioblasts from the
splanchnic mesoderm, is a protein that
plays a crucial role in the
regulation of cell growth,
proliferation, and differentiation

A

basic fibroblast growth factor

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32
Q

is a protein that
plays a crucial role in the
regulation of cell growth,
proliferation, and differentiation.

A

bFGF

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33
Q

enable the differentiation of the
angioblasts and their
multiplication to form
endothelial tubes, play a crucial
role in promoting the growth of
blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis

A

vascular endothelial growth factors

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34
Q
  • mediate the interaction between
    the endothelial cells and the
    pericytes.
  • are particularly important in
    angiogenesis, the process by
    which new blood vessels are
    formed from pre-existing vessels.
A

angiopoietins

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35
Q

The critical factor for angiogenesis is
____________________

A

VEGF-A

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36
Q

can also induce the secretion of VEGFA and
induce blood vessel formation

A

hypoxia

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37
Q

During angiogenesis, some endothelial
cells in the existing blood vessel can
respond to the VEGF signal and begin
“sprouting” to form a new vessel.
These cells are known as the __________
and they differ from the other vessel
cells

A

tip cells

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38
Q

Tip cells produce _________ that
are densely packed with
VEGFR-2 (VEGF receptor-2) on
their cell surfaces.

A

filopodia

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39
Q

have an extensive coating of
smooth muscle and a rich and elastic
extracellular matrix

A

arteries

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40
Q

have less extensive musculature
and are characterized by valves that
direct the flow of blood.

A

veins

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41
Q

One of the main inducers of VEGF
proteins is ________ (low oxygen). The
HIF-loc transcription factor that
activates the VEGF-A gene (among
others) is functional only at lower
oxygen levels

A

hypoxia

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42
Q

is mainly derived from the sprouting of endothelial cells from the dorsal aorta during the initial steps of nephrogenesis

A

kidney vasculature

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43
Q
  • a condition of pregnant woman
  • is the leading cause of premature infants and a major cause of maternal and fetal deaths
A

preeclampsia

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44
Q
  • Second circulatory system, the
    _____________ ______________
  • forms a separate system of vessels which is
    essential for draining fluid and
    transporting lymphocyte
A

lymphatic vasculature

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45
Q

this emits a signal that
instructs the lateral plate mesoderm. This
instruction guides the lateral plate
mesoderm to become precursors of
blood and blood vessels.

A

neural tube

46
Q

Promotes differentiation.
○ Fgf8 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8):
○ Further guides cardiogenic
mesoderm development.
○ Ensures proper heart tissue
formation

A

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)

47
Q

Importance of BMP signals

A
  • contribute to cardiogenic mesoderm formation
  • differentiation of hemangiogenic mesoderm
48
Q

-produced by the notochord,
plays a critical role.
● It blocks BMP signaling in the center of
the embryo

A

Noggin

49
Q

● early stage
● Cardiogenic mesoderm emerges from
the splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm.
● Head mesenchyme, ectoderm,
somatopleure, splanchnopleure, and
endoderm are formed.

A

Stage A (25 hours)

50
Q

● Progression occurs
● Gut forms, and endocardial primordia
begin to take shape around it.
● The endocardium, which will
eventually line the inner chambers of the
heart, starts its initial formation.

A

Stage B (26 hours)

51
Q

● Notable features include
● Neural tube: Precursor to the central
nervous system.
● Foregut: Anterior part of the primitive
gut.
● Endocardial tube: The developing heart
tube.
● Ventral mesocardium: Surrounds the
emerging heart structures.
● Myocardium begins to form around the
pericardial cavity.

A

Stage C (28 hours)

52
Q

● Endocardium: The innermost layer,
lining the heart chambers.
● Myocardium: The middle layer
composed of cardiac muscle cells.
● Epicardium, which will eventually cover
the heart, is also in progress.

A

Stage D (29 hours)

53
Q
  • which means it has
    two hearts. This condition is induced by
    surgically cutting the ventral midline,
    preventing the two heart primordia from
    fusing.
A

Cardia bifida

54
Q
  • exhibits a lack of migration of cardiac precursor cells.
    ● Cardiac precursor cells in the mutant fail
    to migrate properly toward the midline,
    leading to abnormal heart development.
A

Miles Apart Mutant

55
Q

: This gene encodes
the enzyme retinaldehyde
dehydrogenase-2, which plays a crucial
role in synthesizing retinoic acid

A

RADII2

56
Q

a marker specific to the early heart fields during development

A

tbx5

57
Q

As development progresses, heart
precursor cells experience increasing
amounts of retinoic acid. This exposure
likely influences heart development and
differentiation.

A

Retinoic acid exposure

58
Q

The chamber that
receives blood.

A

atrium

59
Q

the chamber responsible for pumping blood

A

ventricle

60
Q

Process of cardiac and looping and chamber formation

A
  1. schematic diagram of cardiac morphogenesis in humans
  2. xin expression in chick embryos
  3. atrial and ventricular specification
61
Q

this is the generation of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

62
Q

can divide either to produce
more stem cells or to replenish
differentiated cells; they can also
regulate to form more cells when body
equilibrium is stressed by injury or
environmental factors

A

stem cells

63
Q

capable of producing
all the blood cells and
lymphocytes of the body. It
generates series of intermediate
progenitor cells whose potency is
restricted to certain lineages

A

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell

64
Q
  • blood islands in the ventral mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac
A

splanchnopleure

65
Q

critical in the
formation of the blood
islands in the mammalian
extraembryonic
mesoderm

A

BMP4

66
Q

prevents BMP2 signaling,
abolishes ventral mesoderm and
blood cell production

A

swirl mutation

67
Q

Two distinct populations of hematopoietic
stem cells

A

yolk sac-derived stem cell and definitive hematopoietic stem cell

68
Q

hematopoietic stem cell that produces
blood for the embryos

A

yolk sac- derived stem cell

69
Q

This mesenchymal area is often called the________________

A

aorta-gonad-mesonephros region

70
Q

remarkable cell,
common precursor of red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells
(granulocytes, neutrophils, and
platelets), and lymphocytes

A

bone marrow

71
Q

dependent on
osteoblast in the bone marrow

A

pluripotent HSC

72
Q

provide niche that attract HSCs, prevents
apoptosis, and keeps HSCs in a
state of plasticity

A

endosteal osteoblast

73
Q
  • produce blood cells and lymphocytes
A

lineage restricted stem cells

74
Q

what are the two lymphocyte stem cells?

A

megakaryocyte/ erythroid precursor cell and granulocyte/ monocyte precursor cell

75
Q

red blood cell lineage or platelet lineage

A

megakaryocyte/ erythroid precursor cell

76
Q

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes precursor

A

granulocyte/ monocyte precursor cell

77
Q

can only form red blood cells

A

erythroid progenitor cell

78
Q

produce the first
recognizable differentiated
member of erythrocyte lineage

A

erythropoietin

79
Q

red blood cell
precursor and it makes globin

A

proerythroblast

80
Q

synthesizing enormous
amounts of hemoglobin

A

erythroblast

81
Q

when mammalian
erythroblast expels its nucleus, it becomes ___________. It lacks nucleus,
no longer synthesize globin mRNA, and
can translate existing messages into
globins

A

reticulocyte

82
Q

mature red blood cells and
there is no division, RNA synthesis, or
protein synthesis takes place

A

erythrocyte

83
Q

Induce different sets of transcription
factors and these specify the fate of the
particular cells

A

hematopoietic inductive microenvironments

84
Q

Paracrine involved in
blood cell and lymphocyte
formation. It is made by several
types, but collected and
concentrated by ECM of the
stromal (mesenchymal) cells

A

cytokines

85
Q

colonies that
were predominantly
erythroid

A

spleen

85
Q

colonies
that were predominantly
granulocytic

A

bone marrow

86
Q

it is derived from its own stem
cell and not only differentiates
into osteoblast, it also produces a new population of bone marrow
stem cells

A

hematopoietic stem cell niche

87
Q

a
paracrine factor known to
be involved in vascular
remodeling formation of
hematopoietic
microenvironment

A

angiopoietin-1

88
Q

Two major functions of endoderm

A
  1. Induce the formation of several mesodermal organs
  2. Construct the linings of two tubes within the vertebrate body
89
Q
  • it extends to the length
    of the body and the buds from the
    digestive tube forms the liver,
    gallbladder, and pancreas
A

digestive tube

90
Q

forms as an outgrowth of the digestive tube and eventually bifurcates into the two lungs

A

respiratory tube

91
Q

region of digestive system
tube anterior to the point where the
respiratory tube branches off

A

pharynx

92
Q

In the foregut cells from the lateral portions of
the anterior endoderm move ventrally to
form the lateral portions

A

Anterior Intestinal Portal (AIP)

93
Q

forms from the posterior endoderm

A

Caudal Intestinal Portal

94
Q

region of ectoderm and it breaks and create the oral opening of the digestive tube

A

oral plate or stomodeum

95
Q

meeting of endoderm and ectoderm at the anus

A

anorectal junction

96
Q

is the view that the embryo
constructed itself “from scratch”, no
small, preformed individual resided
within the sperm or egg

A

epigenesis

97
Q

a small central
diverticulum forms between the second
pouches, eventually becoming the _________________

A

thyroid gland

98
Q

The respiratory tube sprouts from the
___________________ (between the fourth
pair of pouches) to form the lungs

A

pharyngeal floor

99
Q

constricts to form the esophagus,
which is followed in sequence by the stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine.

A

digestive tube

100
Q

generate only the
lining of the digestive tube and its
glands

A

endodermal cells

101
Q

mesenchymal cells from the
splanchnic portion of the lateral plate
mesoderm will surround the tube to
provide the muscles for ________________

A

peristalsis

102
Q

The endoderm also forms the lining of three
accessory organs that develop immediately
caudal to the stomach:

A

liver, pancreas and gallbladder

103
Q

is a bud of endoderm
that extends out from the foregut into the
surrounding mesenchyme

A

hepatic diverticulum

104
Q

develops from the fusion of
distinct dorsal and ventral diverticula. As they
grow, they come closer together and eventually fuse

A

pancreas

105
Q

are a derivative of the digestive tube.

A

lungs

106
Q

The laryngotracheal endoderm becomes
the lining of the trachea, the two ________, and
the _________________ of the lungs.

A

bronchi, air sacs (alveoli)

107
Q

this is secreted very late in gestation, and it
usually reaches physiologically useful levels at
about week 34 of human gestation

A

sphingomyelin and lecithin

108
Q

the cells of this membrane
secrete amniotic fluid; thus,
embryogenesis still occurs in water

A

amnion

109
Q

the outermost extraembryonic
membrane and responsible for gas
exchange

A

chorion

110
Q

an extra-embryonic
membrane of reptiles, birds, and
mammals arising as a pouch, or sac,
from the hindgut

A

allantois

111
Q

a small membranous structure
outside the embryo with various
functions during embryonic
development

A

yolk sac

DevBio ni Ma'am K (15 decks)

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