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DevBio ni Ma'am K > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

this is associated with a visible specialization of the cytoplasm called germplasm

A

gametogenesis

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2
Q
  • production of mature sperm cells
  • spermatogonia undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty
  • follicle stimulating hormone modifies spermatogonia division
A

Spermatogenesis

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3
Q
  • late spermatids are produced with distinct regions
  • sperm cells result after maturing of spermatids
  • spermatogenesis takes 64 to 72 days
A

Spermiogenesis

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4
Q

spermiogenesis take _____ to ____ days

A

64 to 72

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5
Q
  • the development of mature ova
  • it happens during meiotic division
  • it has long resting periods
A

Oogenesis

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6
Q

In meiosis, males produces ___ functional sperm while females produces ___ functional ovum and ___ polar bodies

A

four, one, three

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7
Q

they are tiny, motile and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

A

sperm

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8
Q

this is large, non-motile and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

A

Egg

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9
Q

what are the structures of sperm

A

head, neck/midpiece, tail

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10
Q
  • must allow sperm to travel long distances , using plenty of energy
A

flagella

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11
Q

this is the motor portion of sperm

A

axoneme

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12
Q

-upon release, mammalian sperm are able to move but do not yet have the capacity to bind an egg

A

sperm capacitation

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13
Q
  • it stores all material for beginning of growth and development
  • it conserves and acquires more cytoplasm as it matures
A

ovum

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14
Q

it contains glycoproteins essential for species and sperm binding

A

Vitelline envelope

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15
Q

this is beneath the cell membrane

A

cortex

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16
Q

this attract or activate the sperm

A

cortical granules

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17
Q

this is the extra coating made of extracellular matrix

A

zona pellucida

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18
Q

layer of cells that nurture the egg and the innermost layer is called corona radiata

A

cumulus

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19
Q

this is the innermost layer of cumulus

A

corona radiata

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20
Q

fusion of two gametes to create new individual, with a genome different from both parents

A

fertilization

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21
Q

what is the two major goals of fertilization?

A
  1. joining of genetic material to create new variations
  2. creation of new organism
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22
Q

4 major events of fertilization

A
  1. sperm and egg make contact and must recognize each other as the same species
  2. one sperm enters egg
  3. fusion of the genetic material
  4. activation of egg to begin development
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23
Q

two mechanisms evolved to address the external fertilization

A
  • species-specific attraction of sperm
  • species-specific sperm activation
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24
Q

sea urchins have ________ peptide in the egg jelly of the egg

A

resact

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25
Q

what are the components of acrosome reaction?

A
  1. the fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the sperm cell membrane
  2. the extension of the acrosomal process
26
Q

In S. purpuratus, the acrosomal process contains a process called __________

A

bindin

27
Q
  • it is the fusion of the egg and sperm cell membrane
  • it restores the diploid chromosome number
  • sperm centriole becomes the mitotic spindle
A

monospermy

28
Q
  • this is disastrous fusion of egg and sperm cell membrane
  • results in triploid nucleus
  • multiple mitotic spindles form
A

Polyspermy

29
Q
  • the egg has different ionic concentration from the seawater in which it exist
  • egg has lower sodium ion concentrations, higher potassium concentration
A

Fast block to polyspermy

30
Q

the difference in charge across the egg membrane can be measured as -70mV and is called ____________

A

resting membrane potential

31
Q

It can be induced if an electric current is applied to artificially keep the sea urchin egg membrane potential negative

A

polyspermy

32
Q
  • it is slower, mechanical, permanent block
  • occurs about a minute after sperm-egg fusion
  • upon sperm entry, cortical granules fuse with the cell membrane and release several molecules
A

Slow block to polyspermy

33
Q

This is directly responsible for propagating the cortical granule reaction, and that these ions are stored within the egg itself

A

Ca2+

34
Q

This is a calcium ionophore transports Ca2+ across lipid membranes

A

A23187

35
Q

It is often depicted as nothing more than the means to merge two haploid nuclei, it has an equally important role in initiating the processes that begin development

A

Fertilization

36
Q
  • this is the releaser of Ca2+
  • responsive calcium channels, found in the egg endoplasmic reticulum
A

IP3

37
Q

this is the generator of IP3

A

Phospholipase C

38
Q

2 effects of calcium release in activation of sea urchin egg metabolism

A

early response and late response

39
Q

this is mediated by sodium influx into the cell

A

fast block

40
Q

this is mediated by the intracellular release of Ca2+

A

cortical granule reaction or slow block

41
Q

the late responses of fertilization include the ____________ and __________

A

Activation DNA and protein synthesis

42
Q

In sea urchins, the fusion of egg and sperm causes the intracellular pH to _________

A

increase

43
Q
  • after the sperm and egg cell membrane fuse, the sperm nucleus and its centriole separate from the mitochondria and flagellum
  • fertilization in sea urchin eggs occur after the second meiotic division so there is already haploid female pronucleus present when the sperm enters the egg cytoplasm
A

Fusion of Genetic material in sea urchin

44
Q
  1. mammalian fertilization occurs inside the oviducts of the female
  2. the sperm population is ejaculated into the female is probably heterogeneous, containing spermatozoa to different stages of maturation
  3. there may be multiple mechanisms by which mammalian sperm can undergo the acrosome reaction and bind to the zona pellucida.
A

internal fertilization

45
Q

getting sperm through the cervical mucus and into the uterus

A

sperm motility

46
Q

sperm transported to the oviduct

A

uterine muscle contractions

47
Q

migrate against the direction of the flow

A

sperm rheotaxis

48
Q

change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize and egg

A

Capacitation

49
Q

the sperm cell membrane is altered by the removal of cholesterol by albumin

A

Lipid changes

50
Q

particular changes or carbohydrates on the sperm surface are lost during capacitation

A

protein changes

51
Q
  • ability to sense temperature difference and preferentially swim from cooler to warmer sites
  • found only in capacitated sperm
  • 2 degree celcius between the isthmus of the oviduct and the warmer ampullary region
A

Thermotaxis

52
Q

oocyte is accompanying cumulus cells secrete molecules that attract capacitated sperm toward the egg
- progesterone, made by the cumulus cells, as a directional cue

A

Chemotaxis

53
Q

this is far thicker and denser structure

A

Zona

54
Q
  • it was shown to be critical for human sperm-egg binding
  • it is clipped by the protease ovastacin and loses its ability to bind sperm
A

ZP2

55
Q

it was the other candidate for binding sperm

A

ZP3

56
Q

it is originally found in the membrane of the acrosomal granule

A

izumo

57
Q

it binds to an oocyte protein called juno

A

izumo

58
Q

this is an oocyte protein called ________

A

Juno

59
Q

it is involved with sperm-egg fusion

A

CD9

60
Q

this is found in the cortical granule of unfertilized eggs

A

Ovastacin

61
Q

the DNA of the sperm pronucleus is bound by ___________

A

protamines

62
Q
  • rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is necessary for egg activation in mammals
  • in sea urchins, fertilization triggers intracellular Ca2+ release through the production of IP3 by the enzyme phospholipase
  • mammalian PLC responsible for egg activation and pronucleus formation come from the sperm
A

Activation of egg to begin development

DevBio ni Ma'am K (15 decks)

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