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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

Involves selectnve which stimula will be further consciously processed

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2
Q

Selective attention

A

Refers to focusing on solely 1 stimulus at a time

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3
Q

Divided attention

A

Refers to splitting attention amongst multiple resources at 1 time

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4
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

When different message are being played into each ear and you are asked to repeat either or both messages

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5
Q

Broadbent’s early selection theory

A

States that all inputs from the environment first enter a sensory buffy, then a selective filter based on physical characteristics, some information is discarded, and anything that gets through the filter gets percptually and cognitively processed

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6
Q

Deutch and Deutch’s late selection theory

A

Claims that the selective filtering of incoming inputs occurs after perceptual processing, so all information is perceptually processed then filtered and passed into conscious awareness

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7
Q

Treisman’s attenuation theory

A

The attenuator weakens the incoming information signal so, all information is perceptually processed but we assign varying levels of priority and only the high priority information is processed

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8
Q

Inattentional/perceptual blindness

A

Occurs when attention is directed elsewhere in a visual field and we aren’t aware of certain objects in other areas of our visual field

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9
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

The stimulus that occurs when sensory receptors are activated it is the activity that results within your brain

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10
Q

Change blindness

A

Is a failure to notice changes in immediate visual environment

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11
Q

Distal stimulus

A

The stimulus in the real world usually the objects/events that sensory receptors respond to

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12
Q

Declarative memory

A

Involves remembering facts or events

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13
Q

Non-declarative/procedural memory

A

Unconscious memory of how to do things

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13
Q

Encoding

A

As memory proceeds through different stages of storage

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14
Q

Memory storage

A

Different ways to store memories

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15
Q

Sensory memory

A

The first step in forming a memory which involves temporary storage of simple sensory stimuli and converts phsyical signals to electrical ones which is an unconscious process, 2-5 seconds

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16
Q

Short-term memory

A

Information is transferred here if we pay attention to it and it can be utilized and modified, 20 seconds

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17
Q

Working memory

A

With active use short term memory becomes this whcih can hold 7 (+/-2) bits of information at 1 time

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18
Q

Chunking

A

To keep items in working memory we can group several items together to keep items in working memory

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19
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition of information to keep items in working memory

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20
Q

Dual coding effect

A

Our memory is robus because we can have multiple representations of the same idea

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21
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Describes a vivid memory formed under high-stress situations

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22
Q

Long-term memory

A

Information that is kept without conscious effect and can be transferred to working memory it is infinite

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23
Q

Free recall

A

Asked to recall as many words from the list as possible

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24
Episodic
Events that happend to you
25
Implicit memory
Unconscious
26
Explicit memory
Conscious
27
Semantic memory
General knowledge of the world
28
Priming
Occurs when expsure to an initial stimulus changes how one would respond to a later stimulus especially in the short term
29
Procedural
Motor functions
30
Neural plasticity
The ability of the brain's neuronal network and synapses to change
31
Memory consolidation
The strengthening of the specific neural network, repeated activation of a memory, neuronal firing, slower than encoding, and functions of sleep
32
Long term potentiation
Molecular process of strengthening synapses, the post synaptic neuron is increasingly likely to fire due to repeated stimulation of the presynaptic neurons, and the largest role is in the hippocampus
33
Semantic networks
Organize information into groups of memories that are related in meanings
34
Retrieval
Is the activation of long-term memories to help with specific problem-solving
35
Recall
Involves retrieving information entirely from your mind
36
Recognition
Involves identifying remembered information if it is presented to you
37
Retrieval cues
Pieces of information associated witht he desired memory
38
Spreading activation
When 1 memory with a certain meaning is activated memories with related meaning will also be activated
39
Relearning
Informationt hat was previously remembered may conjure up long term memories that we thought we lost
40
Decay
Memory can also be forgotten or lost memory often fades over time if it does not get encoded as long-term memory
41
Primacy effect
Ideas perceived at the beginning of a list are more likely to be remembered than words in the middle
42
Recency effect
Ideas perceived at the end of a list are more likely to be remembered than words in the middle
43
Serial position effect
The general idea that order effects retention
44
Interference
Is a process where similar information can prevent retrieval of a specific memory
45
Retroactive interference
Involves a new memory interfering with the retrieval of an older memory
46
Proactive interference
Involves a old memory interfering with the retrieval of a newer memory
47
Memory construction
Where memories are ubdated through re-activation of memories
48
Source monitoring
Involves associating the memory with a particular source which can also alter memory
49
Alzheimers
- Associated with aging - Hippocampus - Damage to the brain
50
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of the ability to form new memories
51
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of old memories
52
Amyloid plaques
Deposits of proteins that gather around cells
53
Neurofibrillary tangles
Structural problems within neurons and neuronal loss
54
Korsakoff’s syndrome
- Starts with losing the ability to make new memories and later remember old memories - Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - Alcoholism not age - Thalamus, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum
55
Parkinson’s disease
- Neurodegenerative disorder - Sunstantia nigra - midbrain - Dopamine deficiency - Motor abilities
56
Stem cell based therapy
Currently being researched as a method to regenerate neurons in Alzheimers and Parkinsons
57
Cognition
Thinking
58
Perception
Observe and absorb new information without intentionally manipulating or applying it
59
Input
Information taken in
60
Processing
Organizing and digesting the information
61
Output
Creating reactions and responses to it
62
Information processing models
Models that compare the human brain to a computer
63
Serial processing
Sequentially processing 1 bit of information at a time
64
Parallel processing
Involves processing several different peices of information at the same time
65
Assimilation
Occurs when new information is incorporated without changing the mental structure or schema
66
Accomodation
The development of a new schema about how the world works
67
Sensorimotor
- 0-2 years old - Simple sensory and motor stimuli and behaviour
68
Object permanence
Learning that things still exist even if they aren't being observed
69
Preoperational
- 2-7 years old - Characterized by literal thinking - Egocentric - Centration
70
Egocentric
Difficulty taking in the perspective of others
71
Centration
Focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others
72
Concrete operational
- 7-11 years old - Logical thinking developed
73
Inductive reasoning
The ability to derve general concepts from specific situations
74
Conservation
The idea that things stay the same size despite their container and shape
75
Formal operational
- 11 years old - Abstract logical thinking
75
Reversibility
That many transformations are reversible
76
Deductive reasoning
Derive specific concepts from general information
77
Symbolic thinking
To understand abstract symbolism
78
Hypothetical reasoning
To consider alternate realities as the basis for reasoning
79
Exogenous /External Cues
Don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them in order for them to capture our attention
80
Endogenous Cues / Internal Cues
Require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it
81
Cocktail party effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd
82
Change blindness
Fail to notice changes from a previous to a current state in environment
83
Resource model of attention
We have limited resources in attention
84
Negative priming
Is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus
85
Positive priming
A positive prime speeds up processing caused by simply experiencing the stimulus and spreading activation
86
Mnemonic devices
Link what you are trying to learn into previously exist long-term information that is already in your memory
87
Self-referencing
Think about new info and how it relates to you personally
88
Spacing
Spreading out study sessions overtime in shorter periods rather than cramming them into one study session
89
False information
Inaccurate recollections of an event
90
Heuristics
A logical step-by-step procedure of trying solutions till you hit the right one
91
Algorithms
Mental shortcut that allows us to find solution quicker
92
Trial + error
Take random guesses till something finally work

P/S (12 decks)

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