Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

P/S > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Decision-making

A

The cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Algorithms

A

Step by step procedures that lead to a solution they are exhaustive and not always efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trial-and-error method

A

Involves using repeated attempts to solve a problem until one method works, it is very inefficent but does find a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Describes our tendency to correlate ease of recollection (availability) with some other idea (frequency)

ex: People who like sushi will overestimate the frequency at which they eat sushi and it is easy to remember

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Heuristic

A

Timesaving cognitive shortcuts that can help us make decisions quickly or under pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Means-ends heuristic analysis

A

Breaking down a large problem into smaller problems and solving those

ex: Writing the chapters of a textbook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Halo effect

A

When positive feelings toward one are leak into positive areas about unrelated areas

ex: Edward is attractive so he must be smart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Analogies

A

Using prior knowlege to compare the problem to another similar problem to find a solution and break 1 large problem into many smaller problems

ex: The TV isn’t working so you smack it when the toaster isn’t working you smack that too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Overgeneralization

A

The overuse of representativeness heuristic

ex: eating fat makes you fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intuition

A

Involves following one’s gut feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cognitive biases

A

Systemic shortcomings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Seeing an object in terms of 1 possible function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to embrace information that confirms our existing ideas and interpret new information that confirms our ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hindsight bias

A

When something is not obvious at the time but upon looking back it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Sticking to existing beliefs even when they are problematized by new information it is related to overconfidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causation bias

A

When an individual attributes the cause and effect relationship to 2 events that may be correlated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intelligence

A

An aspect of cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Intelligence quotient

A

The paired cumulative scores of the Adult Intelligence Scale and the Stanford-Binet Scale 100+/- 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flynn effect

A

The global IQ is increasing over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

An adaptive intelligence where thinking logically without prior knowlege and working with pattern recognition to solve problems most prominent in young adults and then declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Knowledge of facts and is stable throughout adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Is a type of intelligence and consists of 4 parts:
- Perceiving other people’s emotions
- Using and reasoning with one’s emotions
- Understanding the cause of an emotion
- Controlling the extent and timeing of one’s emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Theory of general intelligence

A

Intelligence exists as a single factor and scoring high in 1 area will predict success in other areas, as suggested by Charles Spearman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Theory of multiple intelligence

A

Scoring in one category does not depend on the scores of the others, there are 9 categories, some people may perform better in 1 category than in others, as suggested by Howard Garder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hereditary influence
Genetic disorders
26
Environmental influences
Prenatal in utero environment of the fetus and the postnatal environment and low socioeconomic status
27
Language acquisition
How language develops
28
Learning/behaviourist theory of language development
States that language is just another behaviour and it is learned through trial and error in life and through reinforcing/punishments
29
Operant conditioning
Reinforcing or punishing behaviours
30
Nativist theory of language development
Innate biological mechanisms are responsible for the developemnt of language
31
Critical period
A period when a person is highly sensitive/adaptable which ended at 9 years old
32
Language acquisition device
The innage language learning system for formal constructs like grammar
33
Interactonist theory of language development
Interaction between nature and nurture leads to language development
34
Universalism
Thought determines language completely
35
Piaget
When children develop the ways to think, they develop the necessary langugage to describe thought
36
Weak linguistic determinism/linguistic relativity
Language influences the ways we thing
37
Linguistic determinism/Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis
Language completely determines thought
38
Broca’s area
In the frontal lobe for speech production
39
Wernicke’s area
In the temporal lobe and is responsible for language comprehension
40
Broca’s aphasia
Can't speek but can comprehend
41
Wernicke’s aphasia/receptive aphasia
Can't comprehend but can hear
42
Consciousness
The ability to experience something
43
Alpha
Deep relaxation 8-12 Hz
44
Beta
Normal waking 13-30Hz
45
Theta
Light sleep 4-7Hz
46
Delta
Deep sleep
47
Stage 1
Alpha waves, the stage between wakefulness and sleep
48
Stage 2
Theta waves, muscle activity decreases, conscious awareness decreases completely
49
K-complex
Found in stage 2
50
Sleep spindles
Found in stage 2
51
Stage 3
Delta waves, deep sleep, less time compared to 1 and 2, and for recovery
52
REM
Rapid eye movement, high brain activity, latter half of the night, increases as the night goes on, children have higher REM, memory consolidation, and dreaming occurs, and the body is paralyzed
53
Non-REM
Non-rapid eye movement stages of sleep that we move through multiple times a night with varying lengths
54
Circadian rhythm
55
Sleep compensation
Missing a certain type of sleep will cause your body to get a disproportionate amount of that sleep in future nights
56
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Activated when light enters the eye
57
Hypothalamus
Houses the SCN
58
Pineal gland
SCN inhibits the pineal gland and releases melatonin
59
Melatonin
Wakefulness decreases
60
Circadian rhythm
The biological clock which is the balance between the sleep and alert states
61
Sleep disorders
Problems in falling or staying asleep
62
Insomnia
Problems in falling asleep and leads to poor sleep quality
63
Sleep terrors
Nightmares during NREM sleep so the body can move
64
Narcolepsy
Being awake to REM sleep without warning
65
Hypnosis
State of relaxation
66
Meditation
Mindfulness for stress relief
67
Stimulants
Raise nervous system activity, blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness
68
Consciousness altering drugs
Change the state of the brain by activating already-present neural circuits each drug elicits a different repsonse based on its strucutre
69
Nicotine
Increases adrenaline and GI activity - addictive
70
Cocaine
Releases dopamine, serotoine, and norepinephrine, highly addictive, and leads to a crash
71
Caffeine
Inhibits adenosine receptors, increases alertness, and is mildly addictive
72
Meth
Intensely releases dopamine and is highly addictive
73
Depressants
Decreases the body's nervous system activity, heart rate, blood pressure, and reaction time
74
Alcohol
Disrupt REM sleep and decrease inhibition
75
Benzodiazepine
Induce sleep, reduce anxiety, and increases GABA sensitivity
76
Barbiturates
Induce sleep and reduce anxiety
77
Opioids
Similar to depressants but interact with opioid receptors for treating pain and anxiety
78
Fentanyl
For some cancer and post-surgical patients
79
Hallucinogens
Alter sensory perception and experiences
80
Ecstasy
Stimulant and hallucinogen and increases dopamine/serotonin levels
81
Marijuana
Low risk of addiction
82
Reward pathway
83
Addiction
Chronically and compulsively seeks and uses a drug despite the negative consequences
84
Tolerance
People need a higher dose to feel the same effect
85
Withdrawal symptoms
Following dependency they may experience symptoms from the abrupt break in drug use
86
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Focuses on cognitive/thoughts and behaviour/actions
87
Conjunction fallacy
Co-occurrence of two instances is more likely than a single one people tend to think the probability of 2 events occurring together is higher than the probability of one alone (ex. Linda being a bank teller and feminist is greater than just being a bank teller
88
Biases
Prevent us from making correct decision or from changing decisions once they are made
89
Overconfidence
Going into test without knowing a lot of info
90
Framing effects
How you present the decision can affect decisions as well
91
Theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Theorist: L.L. Thurnstone Summary: - 7 factors of intelligence: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. Strength/Evidence: - Breakdown seems intuitive - Ex. Possible to have high inductive skills w/o high verbal comprehension Problems: - How can scores vary together statistically (suggests underlying intelligence factor)? - Limited in what it considers to be intelligence.
92
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Theorist: - Robert Sternberg Summary: - 3 independent intelligences * based on real world success: analytical (problem solving ability), creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Strength/Evidence: - Reliable, easy to study by research. Problems: - Research shows that scores of all intelligences vary together. - Are these 3 sides of the same coin?
93
Phonology
Phonetic component, actual sound of a language. “a sound system”
94
Phonemes
(Smallest unit of sound) in English language
95
Morphology
Refers to the structure of words
96
Semantics
Association of meaning with a word
97
Syntax
How words are put together in sentences
98
Pragmatics
Dependences of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

P/S (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions