Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

P/S > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Learning

A

Is how we acquire new knowledge, skills, and attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Associative learning

A

Also called conditioning - operant or classical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-associative learning

A

Habituation and sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conditioning

A

Trained response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Innate or untrained response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

One that does not lead to a response normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Trained stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Trained response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acquisition

A

The process of learning a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

If a behaviour disappears temporarily and then reappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Extinction

A

If a behaviour disappears permanently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Same response to a similar non-identical stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

If 2 stimmulis are distinguishable with 1 but not the other leading to a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Involves reinforcement or punishments that alter the likelihood of a repeated behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reinforcement

A

A stimulus that encourages a certain behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Punishment

A

A stimulus that discourages a behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Positive

A

Added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Negative

A

Taken away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary

A

Basic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary/conditioned reinforcers

A

Conditioned needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learning to escape unpleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Learning to avoid unpleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Counter conditioning
Exposure to a stimulus to blunt its relationship to the response
25
Fixed ratio
Is the timeline and frequency with which a behaviour is punished or reinforced
26
Reinforcement schedule
The timeline and frequency with which a behaviour is punished or reinforced
27
Variable ratio
Rewards are provided after a random number of correct responses (medium response, slow extinction)
28
Fixed interval
Rewards for a response are provided after a certain amount of time has passed (medium response, medium extinction)
29
Variable interval
Rewards are provided after a random amount of time has passed (fast response, slow extinction)
30
Shaping
Molding the current behaviour into a desired behaviour
31
Successive approximations
Using rewards/punishments to get the desired behaviour
32
Innate behaviours
Are inborn and difficult to modify
33
Conditioned behaviours
Learned and modified
34
Non-associative learning
When a subject changes its response to a stimulu without association with a positive or negative reinforcement
35
Instinctual drift
When an animal or subject has learned a behaviour begins to revert to performing its more innate behaviour
36
Dishabituation
Subject starts reacting again
36
Habituation
Subject stops responding to a repeated stimuli
37
Sensitization
Increase in the probability that behaviour appropriate to a repeatedly presented stimulus will occur
38
Modeling
Watching others
39
Mimicking
Emulating the behaviour
40
Mirror neurons
Fired nerve cells when mimicking
41
Vicarious emotions
Strong emotions felt for someone else's experience as if its our own
42
Self knowledge
Answer "what am I like" questions
43
Schema
Mental model/map
44
Self esteem
A value judgement of oneself
45
Social identity
One's perception of one's role in a social group and society
46
Identify formation
Individuation
47
Mimic
Copy someone
48
Role taking
Adopt the role of others in thought or action
49
Reference groups
Groups used as a reference to compare and learn behaviour and values
50
In groups
Groupt that you feel connected to
51
Out groups
Groups that you disaprove of
52
Self esteem
Value judgement about oneself
53
Self efficacy
The feeling of being capable of accomplishing goals
54
Locus of control
Person's belief in controlling the events around them
55
Looking glass self
The concept by Charles Cooley to describe the idea that one's sense of self and self-concept develop based on your perception of how others see you
56
Thomas’ theorem
If something is perceived as real it is real in its consequences
57
Social behaviourism
The idea that the mind and self emerge through the process of certain types of communication with others
58
Preparatory stage
Begins at infancy which happens through imitation
59
Imitation
Direct influence
60
Play stage
They engage in pretend play
61
Role playing
Pretend to be specific roles
62
Game stage
63
Generalized other
Society as a whole
64
Significant others
Any individual with a deep relationship
65
I
Autonomous part of self
66
Me
Society's view
67
Actual self
Balance between the I and the me
68
Lev Vygotsky’s theory
Social/cultural factors influence psychological development
69
Zone of proximal development
Progress is made by spending time in a difficult level that requires help
70
Continuous theory
Growth happens in a gradual way no big jumps or step s
71
Stage theories
Discrete steps in development
72
Freud’s theory of development stages
The stages of psychological development
73
Oral stage
0-1: Children process through fixation of the mouth
74
Anal stage
1-3: Bowel movement control and toilet training
75
Phallic stage
3-6: Urges of identifying with the same-sex parent
76
Latent period
6-12: No sexual motivation
77
Genital stage
>12: Children feel sexual urges
78
Fixation
Unable to move to the next stage
79
Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Stages that have to do with the interaction between the individual and society
80
Identity vs role confusion
Individual associates personal value with their role in society
81
Identity achievement
Finds and commits to an identity and continues exploring within and around it
82
Identity diffusion
No sense of identity or motivation for identity-building
83
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Stages of moral reasoning
84
Preconventional morality
Individual's morality is based on seeking reqards and avoiding punishment 1. Avoiding punishments 2. Towards rewards
85
Conventional morality
Mediated by social factors: 1. Avoiding social disapproval 2. Following rules
86
Postconventional morality
Social convention to guided by universal ethics: 1. Following a social contract 2. System of universal ethics

P/S (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions