Chapter 1

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Is the process by which we receive information from the outside world and it is the detection of stimuli by sensory receptiros

Question 2

Transduction

Answer 2

Conversion of chemical or physical signals into a cellular response to send to the brain

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

Is our interpretation and cognition of this information once it has reached the brain

Question 4

Sensory adaptation

Answer 4

Less sensitive to a stimulus through constant exposure

Question 5

Absolute threshold

Answer 5

The lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be detected both by our physiological sensory receptors and by our mental perception

Question 6

Difference threshold

Answer 6

Also called the just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli that is needed for the recognition 50% of the time

Question 7

Weber’s Law

Answer 7

Change required to meet the difference threshold is a constant fraction

Question 8

Signal detection theory

Answer 8

How individuals distinguish between the important and unimportant stimuli

Question 9

Bottom-up processing

Answer 9

Assembling individual pieces of information to construct an idea

Question 10

Top-down processing

Answer 10

Involves using an existing framework of knowledge to decide if the sensation is useful

Question 11

Gestalt principles

Answer 11

Distinguishing stable objects from the background and other objects

Question 12

Forms

Answer 12

Top-down processing is used to group sensory information into distinct regions

Question 13

Bias

Answer 13

Deciding which signal is important

Question 14

Depth

Answer 14

Used to understand perception how far, or deep

Question 15

Monocular depth cues

Answer 15

Which works with 1 eye

Question 16

Binocular depth cues

Answer 16

Involves both eyes

Question 17

Retinal disparity

Answer 17

The slight difference of perception of an object based on the different placement of our eyes

Question 18

Oculomotor cues

Answer 18

Which is where the brain senses motor movement from muscles in our eyes when objects are closer

Question 19

Visual processing

Answer 19

Interpretation of raw sensory data

Question 20

Motion

Answer 20

Is also difficult to analyze and it is not always accurately depicted on the retina

Question 21

Constancy

Answer 21

The brain perceived certain things as constant size, shape, or movement

Question 22

Feature detection

Answer 22

Visual information that is broken down by:

1. Colour
2. Form
3. Motion

Question 23

Parallel processing

Answer 23

When our brains process all the features at the same time

Question 24

Vitreous humour

Answer 24

Clear gel that fills the space between the lens and retina

Question 25

Pupil

Answer 25

Hole located in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the retina

Question 26

Iris

Answer 26

Controls the diameter and size of the pupil

Question 27

Cornea

Answer 27

Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber

Question 28

Sclera

Answer 28

"White of the eye" opaque, fibrous, and protective outer layer

Question 29

Lens

Answer 29

Transparent, biconvex that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina

Question 30

Retina

Answer 30

Light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye

Question 31

Optic nerve

Answer 31

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

Question 32

Choroid

Answer 32

Vascular layer containing connective tissue lying between the retina and the sclera

Question 33

Macula

Answer 33

Dense region of rods and cones has strong resoltution and colour vision

Question 34

Fovea

Answer 34

Region of the macula where visual acuity is sharpest and only has cones

Question 35

Pinna

Answer 35

Skin or cartilage flap commonly called the ear

Question 36

External auditory canal

Answer 36

Sound goes through the external auditory canal

Question 37

Eardrum

Answer 37

Also called the tympanic membrane

Question 38

3 small bones

Answer 38

Lever system of 3 bones translates the sound wave to the oval window of the cochlea consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes

Question 39

Semicircular canal

Answer 39

Are attached ot the cochlea responsible for balance part of the vestibular system

Question 39

Cochlea

Answer 39

The sound wave moves into the cochlea via the oval window

Question 40

Organ of corti

Answer 40

Sound wave moves through spiral cochlea and the pressure differences are detected by the hair cells

Question 41

Thalamus

Answer 41

The brain region where information of light, sound, and taste are taken before being distributed

Question 42

Cochlear nerve

Answer 42

Transmits auditory signals to the brain for processing

Question 43

Olfactory

Answer 43

Smell

Question 44

Gustatory

Answer 44

Taste: sweet, sour, umami, salty, bitter

Question 45

Somatic sensors

Answer 45

The skin contains these for the external environment

Question 46

Proprioceptive sensors

Answer 46

Able to sense the relative position of neighboring parts of the body

Question 47

Nociceptors

Answer 47

Perceive pain or potentially dangerous stimuli and transduce this physical stimulus into an electrical signal

Question 48

Subliminal stimuli

Answer 48

Stimuli below the absolute threshold of sensation

Question 49

Hit

Answer 49

The subject responded affirmative when a signal was present

Question 50

False alarm

Answer 50

The subject perceived a signal when there was none present

Question 51

Correct rejection

Answer 51

A correct negative answer for no signal

Question 52

Miss

Answer 52

A negative response to a present signal

Question 53

Blind spot

Answer 53

No cones or rods