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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality

A

The overall organization of psychological characteristics- thinking feeling and behaving— that differentiates us to act consistently across time and situations

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2
Q

Define disposition

A

Broad, pervasive, encompassing, ways of relating to particular types of people or situations

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3
Q

Define trait

A

A relatively stable characteristic or quality that may respect a portion of ones personality; a quality used to explain an individuals behaviour across time and situations

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4
Q

Define psychological states

A

Momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the situation and time

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5
Q

What is a common assumption in many trait models of personality

A

Traits have a normal distribution throughout the population

Most people have moderate levels of a specific trait

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6
Q

What makes the prediction of behaviour difficult

A

That personality is composed of several different traits that combine to influence specific behaviours

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7
Q

What are two examples of trait models

A

Cattells trait personality model

Digmans five factor model

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8
Q

What is Cattells model

A

Proposes that there are 16 personality factors called source traits that capture personality

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9
Q

What are the 16 personality factors outlined by cattell

A 
Warmth
Reasoning 
Dominance 
Liveliness
Social boldness
Rule consciousness 
Sensitivity 
Vigilance
Abstractedness 
Privateness 
Apprehension
Openness to change 
Self reliance
Perfectionism
Tension
Emotional stability
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10
Q

What does digmans personality suggest

A

All people can be described in terms of the prevalence of five global factors

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11
Q

What are digmans 5 factors

A

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

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12
Q

Define openness to experience

A

Trait including level of curiosity, the opposite of being closed minded

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13
Q

Define conscientiousness

A

Trait comprising striving for achievement and self-discipline

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14
Q

Define extraversion

A

Trait involving level of assertiveness and energetic approach to the world

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15
Q

Define agreeableness

A

Trait involving general compliance and positive approach toward others

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16
Q

Define neuroticism

A

Trait comprising feelings of tension and nervousness

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17
Q

Which personality factor is also linked to health behaviours and mortality

A

Conscientiousness

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18
Q

What are the two perspectives of personality development

A

Humanistic psychology

Cognitive behavioural approach

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19
Q

Define humanistic psychology

A

Psychological approach that focuses on personal responsibility human growth personal striving and individual dignity

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20
Q

What term is associated with the humanistic

A

Self-actualization

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21
Q

Define self-actualization

A

An individuals attempt to be the best he or she can be or a desire to fulfill ones potential

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22
Q

Who is two of the humanist psychologists who contributed greatly to the field of personality study

A

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

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23
Q

What does Rogers believed

A

That when there is a discrepancy between a persons self perceptions and what is being experienced, this person might deny what is actually happening

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24
Q

What did Abraham Maslow publish

A

A hierarchy of needs in a five tiered triangular model

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25
What does maslows hierarchy of needs suggest
That when our basic human needs are met we strive to meet higher needs
26
What is the base of the pyramid
Physiological needs | - food water sleep and shelter
27
What is the second tier of the pyramid
Safety needs - personal and social settings
28
What is the third tier of the pyramid
Social needs - feelings of belonging connections to others and the acts of giving receiving love
29
What is the forth tier of the pyramid
Esteem needs - can be internal or external - self respect and achievement - recognition and status
30
What is the fifth tier of the pyramid
Self actualization - the constant striving to make the most of ones special abilities
31
What is the cognitive behavioural approach
Behaviour was determined by interactions involving reward and punishment with the environment
32
What does the learning perspective of the cognitive behavioural approach suggest
All behaviour is learned through experience and this perspective discarded notions of disposition drives or instincts
33
What approach does B.F skinner belong to
Cognitive behavioural approach
34
What did BF skinner argue about personality
Behaviour followed by a reward would increase in probability of reoccurrence, whereas behaviour followed by punishment would decrease in probability of reoccurrence
35
What theory does Albert Bandura belong to
Cognitive behavioural approach
36
What did Albert Bandura argue
That people’s behaviour is highly influenced by their self efficacy, the belief of ones capabilities to achieve a goal or an outcome
37
Define self efficacy
The belief in ones capabilities to achieve a specific goal or outcome
38
Define the social learning theory
Suggests people are active agents in shaping their behaviours, influenced by their inner drives and environments
39
What theory did Bandura emphasis
Social learning theory
40
What does the social learning theory include
Observational learning (modelling)
41
Define the observational learning
Learning through observing others behaviours
42
What is the interactionist approach
Interplay between a person and the environment that determines specific behaviours of the individual
43
Define ethical principles
Guidelines that shape professional judgement and behaviour
44
Risk taking
Narrowing the margin of safety both physically and psychologically
45
Sensation seeking
Seeking of varied novel complex and intense sensations and experiences and the willingness to take multiple risks for the sake of such experiences
46
Define competitiveness
Desire to engage in and strive for success
47
What does research suggest about stimulus seekers
They have higher physiological activation levels or chronic levels of high excitation which are rewarded when they take risks in sport
48
What are the differences between high risk and low risk athletes big 5 personality
High risk athletes scored highest in emotional stability, consciousness and energy Non risk athletes scored highest in openness
49
Does sensation seeking decline with age?
Yes
50
What is required for success at the elite level
Set high personal standards Monitor progress toward these standards Be highly organized Manage the pressure and expectations of significant others such as parents coaches teammates and partners
51
Define personal standards perfectionism
Refers to establishing high personal performance standards and self orientated achievement striving
52
Define evaluative concerns perfectionism
Reflects aspects of the negative social evaluation including excessive self-criticism, concerns over mistakes and doubts about actions
53
What are two main dimensions of perfectionism
Personal standards Evaluative concerns
54
What is ECP typically associated with
Poor outcomes and other indicators of maladjustment such as negative emotions dysfunctional thoughts and burnout
55
What does unhealthy perfectionism consist of
High PSP and high ECP
56
What does healthy perfectionism consist of
High but realistic goal striving (PSP) but relatively low ECP
57
Gaudreau and Thompson proposed a 2X2 model of perfectionism that examines __
The main effects of ECP and PSP
58
What are the four distinct subtypes of perfectionism in the model of perfectionism
1) pure personal standards perfectionism is captured by low ECP and high PSP 2) mixed perfectionism is composed of both high ECP and high PSP 3) pure evaluative concerns perfectionism is represented by high ECP and low PSP 4) non perfectionism is captured by low ECP and low PSP
59
What is associated with lower levels of total burnout What was higher
Pure PSP Pure ESP
60
Who developed a dualistic model of passion (DMP)
Vallerand
61
What are the two types of passion
Harmonious passion Obsessive passion
62
Define harmonious passion
Engaging in an activity as part of ones identify and for the pleasure of the activity
63
Define obsessive passion
Involves a more rigid and uncontrolled urge to engage in activities because of external control or feelings of guilt
64
What type of coping is HP positivity related to
Task oriented coping (problem solving)
65
What coping strategy is OP positively related with
Disengagement and avoidance strategies with athletic goal attainment
66
What coping strategy is positively associated with performance
Both HP and OP
67
Define mental toughness
Personal characteristics that allow individuals to cope with stress and anxiety while remaining focused on competition demands
68
What are psychological characteristics associated with mental toughness
``` Control Competitiveness Concentration Confidence Commitment Determination Desire Focus Emotional intelligence Resilience Persistence Optimism ```
69
What is one of the first models of mental toughness who created it
4C’s by Clough
70
What is the 4C model
Mentally tough people who encounter negative experiences 1) appraise the situation as a CHALLENGE to be over come 2) believe they have personal CONTROL over the experiences 3) have CONFIDENCE they can overcome these experiences 4) have a strong COMMITMENT to achieving personal goals
71
What personality types had a positive experience with exercise
Extraversion and conscientiousness
72
What personality type had a negative association with exercise
Neuroticism
73
The relationship between personality and exercise is ____ and there is a ____ association between the two
Small Minor
74
What personality traits did not have an association with exercise
Openness Agreeableness Psychoticism
75
Define type A personality
Blend of ambition low patience competitiveness high organization and hostility with agitated behaviour patterns
76
Define industriousness ambition
Trait comprising aspects of achievement striving and self discipline
77
Describe type A personality based on the five factor model
High extraversion High neuroticism High conscientiousness Low agreeableness
78
Is there a positive association between type a personality and exercise
Yes
79
What are negative health behaviours type a personality’s also experience
Smoking | Drinking
80
Define extraversions activity trait
Trait involving a general tendency for a fast lifestyle high energy fast talking and keeping busy
81
Is extraversions activity trait a reliable and strong predictor of exercise
Yes
82
Can personality traits be changed
Essentially unchangeable

Sport Psychology (12 decks)

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