Chapter 6

Question 1

What are the two developments of moral character

Answer 1

Structural developmental perspectives

Social learning perspective

Question 2

Describe moral development

Answer 2

The process in which an individual develops the capacity to reason morally

Question 3

Describe moral behaviour

Answer 3

The carrying out of an action that is deemed right or wrong

Question 4

Kohlberg identified __ developmental stages of moral judgement

Answer 4

6

Question 5

What are the 6 developmental stages of moral judgement

Answer 5

1) children abide by rules in fear of punishment
2) or in hopes of receiving reward
3) individuals will conform to avoid disapproval of others
4) will uphold laws and social rules
5) actions are guided by principles commonly agreed on as being essential
6) actions are self selected and guided by ethical principles

Question 6

What are the three levels of structural development perspective

Answer 6

1) pre conventional morality
2) conventional morality
3) post conventional morality

Question 7

Describe the social learning perspective

Answer 7

Moral behaviour is learned through the processes of reinforcement and modelling

Question 8

Can physical contact sports negatively impact an athletes moral reasoning

Answer 8

Yes some people argue that

Question 9

What are the factors influencing moral behaviour

Answer 9

Sport environment

Motivational climate

Team norms

Goal orientation

Aggression

Bullying and hazing in sport

Question 10

What are some theories of aggression

Answer 10

Psycho dynamics

Frustration-aggression theory

Physiological explanations

Social learning theory

Moral disengagement

Question 11

Explain the sport environment factor influencing moral behaviour

Answer 11

Coaching impacts

Coach can prohibit acts that disrespect or violate rules a

Question 12

Explain motivational climate factor influencing moral behaviour

What are the two types

Answer 12

Mastery motivational
- when coach encourages cooperation and learning from past mistakes

Performance motivation
- when the coach emphasizes winning and stresses competition among teammates

Question 13

Define pro social behaviour

Answer 13

A behaviour that is intended to assist or benefit another individual or team

Question 14

Define antisocial behaviour

Answer 14

A behaviour that is intended to harm or disadvantage another individual or team

Question 15

As athletes get older their motivational climate changes from ___ to more ___ based

Answer 15

Mastery

Performance

Question 16

Define team norms

Answer 16

Standards for the behaviour that is expected of members of the group

Question 17

Who has the largest moral influence on younger athletes

Older athletes

Answer 17

Mothers

Teammates

Question 18

Explain goal orientation factor influencing moral behaviour

Answer 18

Athletes who are task oriented tend to use self referenced criteria and feel successful when they have mastered the task

The ego oriented athlete uses other referenced criteria and defines success by out performing others

Question 19

Define aggression

Answer 19

Any overt verbal or physical act that is intended to injure another living organism either psychologically or physically

Question 20

Define violent behaviour

Answer 20

An extreme act of physical aggression that bears no direct relationship to the competitive goals of the sport and relates to incidents of uncontrolled aggression outside the rules of sport

Question 21

Define assertive behaviour

Answer 21

Actions that are forceful vigorous and legitimate performed by an individual who does not intend to harm another living being

Question 22

What four key points must be present in describing aggressive behaviour

Answer 22

1) it is a behaviour not an emotion or a feeling or a personality trait
2) it can be verbal or physical
3) it is intended to cause physical or psychological harm
4) it is directed toward another living organism

Question 23

What are two kinds of aggression

Answer 23

Instrumental aggression

Hostile or reactive aggression

Question 24

Define instrumental aggression

Answer 24

Aggressive acts serving as a means to a particular goal such as winning money or prestige
In which injury to the opponent is involved

This type of injury is impersonal and designed to limit the effectiveness of the opponent

Question 25

Define hostile aggression

Answer 25

Aggressive acts undertaken for the purpose of harming or injuring the victim

Question 26

Define bullying

Answer 26

Imbalance of power between peers where the one who is more powerful repeatedly attacks the less powerful with the intention to harm

Question 27

Define hazing

Answer 27

Any potentially humiliating degrading abusive or dangerous activity expected of an individual to belong to a group regardless of their willingness to participate

Question 28

Explain the psycho dynamic theory of aggression

Answer 28

Suggests humans are born with the instinct for aggression

Question 29

Define catharsis

Answer 29

To purge or cleanse the self of aggressive feelings, typically venting of aggressive tendencies through socially acceptable means

Question 30

What is the frustration aggression theory

Answer 30

A blocked goal causes the individual to become frustrated and frustration produces aggression

Question 31

What is the revised frustration aggression theory

Answer 31

A blocked goal caused emotional reactions which lead to a readiness to behave aggressively: appropriate environmental cues cause this readiness to develop into aggression

Question 32

What is the physiological theory of aggression

Answer 32

Aggressive behaviour occurs because individuals have either a brain pathology or excess testosterone

Question 33

What is the moral disengagement theory of aggression

Answer 33

Aggressive behaviour occurs through individuals changing their morality under certain conditions

Question 34

What is the social learning theory of aggression

Answer 34

Individuals use aggression because they have learned that aggression pays

Question 35

What are the two forms of social interaction

Answer 35

First involves modelling Second involves learning or acquiring new responses because of reinforcement

Question 36

According to moral disengagement individuals tend to ___ from engaging in behaviour that violates their own moral standards

Answer 36

Refrain

Question 37

What are the eight methods by which individuals attempt to disengage themselves from the behaviour

Answer 37

Moral justification Euphemistic labelling Advantageous comparison Displacement of responsibility Distortion of consequences Dehumanization Attribution of blame

Question 38

Explain moral justification

Answer 38

Occurs when an individual reconsiders aggression as being a negative behaviour and makes it acceptable by portraying this behaviour as facilitating a social or moral purpose

Question 39

Explain euphemistic labelling

Answer 39

Involves changing the language to make the aggressive behaviour seem less harmful

Question 40

Define advantageous comparison

Answer 40

Is another way of making aggression seem acceptable this involves comparing an aggressive behaviour with something that is more reprehensible

Question 41

Define displacement of responsibility

Answer 41

Occurs when athletes shift the blame for their aggressive behaviours to other individuals

Question 42

Define diffusion of responsibility

Answer 42

Involves team members making a group decision to use aggressive behaviours

Question 43

Define distortion of consequences

Answer 43

Achieved when an athlete minimizes the harm caused by his or her actions

Question 44

Define dehumanization

Answer 44

Involves cognitively relieving people of their human qualities

Question 45

Define attribution of blame

Answer 45

Occurs when athletes see themselves as the victim and not the aggressor

Question 46

What are the personal factors influencing aggression

Answer 46

Gender Age Physical size Retaliation motives Annoyances Self presentation Passion/athletic identity

Question 47

Gender factor influencing aggression

Answer 47

Men are more aggressive typically Women tend to taunt more then physically hurt

Question 48

She factor influencing aggression

Answer 48

No conclusive statement can be made Older more approving of hostile aggression

Question 49

Physical size factor influencing aggression

Answer 49

The bigger the person the more likely involved in a fight Height and weight correlate with aggressive penalties

Question 50

What are situational factors influencing aggression

Answer 50

Frequency of competition Home advantage Point differentials

Question 51

Group factors influencing aggression

Answer 51

Individuals role Team norms Collective efficacy for aggression Group cohesion

Question 52

___ % of injures occurred because of an opponents aggressive act

Answer 52

59

Question 53

Define fan identification

Answer 53

Extent to which fans feel psychologically connected to a team

Question 54

What are ways of reducing aggression in sport

Answer 54

Punishment and encouragement Educational interventions Behavioural modification practices Changes to the sporting environment Aggressive behaviour in the media

Question 55

It is beneficial for parents to focus on developing their child’s ability using a ____ goal orientation instead of __ goal orientation

Answer 55

Task Ego