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Anaphy > Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo

A

basic chemistry

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2
Q

anything that occupies space and mass

A

matter

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3
Q

amount of matter in an object

A

mass

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4
Q

Results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object

A

weight

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5
Q

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

A

elements

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6
Q

composed of only one kind of atom

A

element

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7
Q

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

A

atom

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8
Q

protons and neutrons are in the _____

A

nucleus

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9
Q

electrons can be represented by an ______ around the nucleus

A

electron cloud

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10
Q

the unique number of protons and electrons in each atom of an element

A

atomic number

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11
Q

refers to the number of protons and neutrons

A

mass number

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12
Q

chemical reactivity is determined by

A

electronegativity

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13
Q

Results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity

A

ionic bond

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14
Q

Results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities

A

covalent bond

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15
Q

unequal sharing of electron pairs

A

polar covalent bond

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16
Q

the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

A

molecule

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18
Q

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

A

compounds

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19
Q

the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules

A

dissociation

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20
Q

combination of reactants to form a new, larger product

A

synthesis reaction

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21
Q

breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products

A

decomposition reaction

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22
Q

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction

A

exchange reaction

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23
Q

The reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants

A

reversible reactions

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24
Q

the capacity to do work

A

energy

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25
Q

stored energy that could do work that exists in chemical bonds

A

potential energy

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26
Q

does work by causing the movement of an object

A

kinetic energy

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27
Q

theories of acids and bases

A
  • the arrhenius theory
  • the lewis theory
  • the bronsted-lowry theory
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28
Q

states that “an acid generates H+ ions in a solution whereas a base produces an OH– ion in its solution”

A

the arrhenius theory

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29
Q

definition of acids and bases describes “acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors”

A

the lewis theory

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30
Q

defines “an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor”

A

the bronsted-lowry theory

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31
Q

containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

A

acids

32
Q

is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

A

bases

33
Q

is a measure of the how acidic / basic water is

A

pH scale

34
Q

pH of less than 7 indicate _____

A

acidity

35
Q

pH of greater than 7 indicates a ____

A

base

36
Q

a compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH−

A

salts

37
Q

a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component

A

buffer

38
Q

deals with substances that do not contain carbon

A

inorganic chemistry

39
Q

study of carbon-containing substance

A

organic chemistry

40
Q

a small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond

A

oxygen

41
Q

consists of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms

A

carbon dioxide

42
Q

consists of one oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms

A

water

43
Q

the ff. are unique properties of ______

  • stabilize body temperature
  • provide protection
  • facilitate chemical reaction
  • transport substance
A

water

44
Q

4 major groups of organic molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
45
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

carbohydrates

46
Q

types of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
47
Q

simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

48
Q

consists of two monosaccharides (2 sugars), covalent bonding

A

disaccharides

49
Q

consist of many monosaccharides bound in long chains

A

polysaccharides

50
Q
  • main storage form of glucose in humans
  • serves as a ready supply for more glucose for ATP Production
A

polysaccharides

51
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
52
Q

examples of disaccharides

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
53
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
54
Q

the ff. are functions of _________

  • short-term energy storage
  • converted to glucose quickly
  • Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
  • Brain cells require glucose
A

carbohydrates

55
Q

substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents

A

lipids

56
Q

main components of lipids

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
57
Q

minor components of some lipids

A
  • phosphorus
  • nitrogen
58
Q

examples of lipids

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • cholesterol
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
59
Q

functions of ____ are:

  • providing protection and insulation
  • helping regulate many physiological processes
  • forming membranes
  • the major storage of molecules
A

lipids

60
Q
  • important energy-storage of molecules
  • also pad and insulate the body
A

fats

61
Q

building blocks of fats

A
  • glycerol
  • fatty acids
62
Q

the most common type of fat molecules

A

triglycerides

63
Q

Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

A

saturated lipids

64
Q

one or more double covalent bonds between carbons

A

unsaturated lipids

65
Q

composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar region consisting of two fatty acid chains

A

phospholipids

66
Q

polar molecules are said to be _______

A

hydrophilic (water-loving)

67
Q

nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water and so are called _____

A

hydrophobic

68
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

69
Q

organic acids containing amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain designated by the symbol R.

A

amino acids

70
Q

occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain shape of a protein are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional

A

protein denaturation

71
Q

proteins are composed of:

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
72
Q

organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed

A

enzymes

73
Q

nucleic acids are composed of:

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
74
Q

contains genes, which determine the amino acid sequence, and thus the structure of proteins

A

DNA

75
Q

exists in three forms that are important for protein synthesis

A

RNA

76
Q

three forms of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA
77
Q

often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy

A

ATP

Anaphy (10 decks)

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