Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo

Answer 1

basic chemistry

Question 2

anything that occupies space and mass

Answer 2

matter

Question 3

amount of matter in an object

Answer 3

mass

Question 4

Results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object

Answer 4

weight

Question 5

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

Answer 5

elements

Question 6

composed of only one kind of atom

Answer 6

element

Question 7

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

Answer 7

atom

Question 8

protons and neutrons are in the _____

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

electrons can be represented by an ______ around the nucleus

Answer 9

electron cloud

Question 10

the unique number of protons and electrons in each atom of an element

Answer 10

atomic number

Question 11

refers to the number of protons and neutrons

Answer 11

mass number

Question 12

chemical reactivity is determined by

Answer 12

electronegativity

Question 13

Results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity

Answer 13

ionic bond

Question 14

Results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities

Answer 14

covalent bond

Question 15

unequal sharing of electron pairs

Answer 15

polar covalent bond

Question 16

the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

Answer 16

hydrogen bonds

Question 17

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

Answer 17

molecule

Question 18

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

Answer 18

compounds

Question 19

the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules

Answer 19

dissociation

Question 20

combination of reactants to form a new, larger product

Answer 20

synthesis reaction

Question 21

breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products

Answer 21

decomposition reaction

Question 22

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction

Answer 22

exchange reaction

Question 23

The reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants

Answer 23

reversible reactions

Question 24

the capacity to do work

Answer 24

energy

Question 25

**stored energy** that could do work that exists in chemical bonds

Answer 25

potential energy

Question 26

does work by **causing the movemen**t of an object

Answer 26

kinetic energy

Question 27

theories of acids and bases

Answer 27

- the arrhenius theory - the lewis theory - the bronsted-lowry theory

Question 28

states that “an acid generates H+ ions in a solution whereas a base produces an OH– ion in its solution"

Answer 28

the arrhenius theory

Question 29

definition of acids and bases describes “acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors”

Answer 29

the lewis theory

Question 30

defines “an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor”

Answer 30

the bronsted-lowry theory

Question 31

containing substance that is capable of **donating** a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

Answer 31

acids

Question 32

is a molecule or ion able to **accept** a hydrogen ion from an acid

Answer 32

bases

Question 33

is a measure of the how acidic / basic water is

Answer 33

pH scale

Question 34

pH of **less than 7** indicate _____

Answer 34

acidity

Question 35

pH of **greater than 7** indicates a ____

Answer 35

base

Question 36

a compound consisting of a positive ion **other than** H+ and a negative ion other than OH−

Answer 36

salts

Question 37

a solution that **can resist pH change** upon the addition of an acidic or basic component

Answer 37

buffer

Question 38

deals with substances that **do not** contain carbon

Answer 38

inorganic chemistry

Question 39

study of **carbon-containing** substance

Answer 39

organic chemistry

Question 40

a small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of **two oxygen atoms** bound together by a double covalent bond

Answer 40

oxygen

Question 41

consists of **one carbon atom** bound to **two oxygen atoms**

Answer 41

carbon dioxide

Question 42

consists of one oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms

Answer 42

water

Question 43

the ff. are unique properties of ______ - stabilize body temperature - provide protection - facilitate chemical reaction - transport substance

Answer 43

water

Question 44

4 major groups of organic molecules

Answer 44

- carbohydrates - lipids - proteins - nucleic acids

Question 45

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Answer 45

carbohydrates

Question 46

types of carbohydrates

Answer 46

- monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides

Question 47

simplest carbohydrates

Answer 47

monosaccharides

Question 48

consists of two monosaccharides (2 sugars), covalent bonding

Answer 48

disaccharides

Question 49

consist of many monosaccharides bound in long chains

Answer 49

polysaccharides

Question 50

- main storage form of glucose in humans - serves as a ready supply for more glucose for ATP Production

Answer 50

polysaccharides

Question 51

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 51

- glucose - fructose

Question 52

examples of disaccharides

Answer 52

- sucrose - lactose

Question 53

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 53

- glycogen - starch - cellulose

Question 54

the ff. are functions of _________ - short-term energy storage - converted to glucose quickly - Glucose is used to make ATP (energy) - Brain cells require glucose

Answer 54

carbohydrates

Question 55

substances that **dissolve in nonpolar solvents**

Answer 55

lipids

Question 56

main components of lipids

Answer 56

- carbon - hydrogen

Question 57

minor components of some lipids

Answer 57

- phosphorus - nitrogen

Question 58

examples of lipids

Answer 58

- fats - oils - cholesterol - triglycerides - phospholipids

Question 59

functions of ____ are: - providing protection and insulation - helping regulate many physiological processes - forming membranes - the major storage of molecules

Answer 59

lipids

Question 60

- important energy-storage of molecules - also pad and insulate the body

Answer 60

fats

Question 61

building blocks of fats

Answer 61

- glycerol - fatty acids

Question 62

the most common type of fat molecules

Answer 62

triglycerides

Question 63

**Single** covalent bonds between carbon atoms

Answer 63

saturated lipids

Question 64

one or more **double covalent bonds** between carbons

Answer 64

unsaturated lipids

Question 65

composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar region consisting of two fatty acid chains

Answer 65

phospholipids

Question 66

polar molecules are said to be _______

Answer 66

hydrophilic (water-loving)

Question 67

nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water and so are called _____

Answer 67

hydrophobic

Question 68

building blocks of protein

Answer 68

amino acids

Question 69

organic acids containing amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain designated by the symbol R.

Answer 69

amino acids

Question 70

occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain shape of a protein are **broken** and the protein becomes nonfunctional

Answer 70

protein denaturation

Question 71

proteins are composed of:

Answer 71

- carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen - sulfur

Question 72

organic catalysts that **increase** the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed

Answer 72

enzymes

Question 73

nucleic acids are composed of:

Answer 73

- carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - nitrogen - phosphorus

Question 74

contains genes, which determine the amino acid sequence, and thus the structure of proteins

Answer 74

DNA

Question 75

exists in three forms that are important for protein synthesis

Answer 75

RNA

Question 76

three forms of RNA

Answer 76

- mRNA - rRNA - tRNA

Question 77

often called the **energy currency of cells** because it is capable of *both storing and providing energy*

Answer 77

ATP