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Anaphy > Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Functions Flashcards

1
Q

basic living unit of all organisms

A

Cell

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2
Q

The simplest organisms consist of ____ cells

A

single

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3
Q

humans are composed of ___ cells

A

multiple

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4
Q

4 Cell Structures

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Organelles
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5
Q

control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions

A

Organelles

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7
Q

forms the boundary of the cell through which the cell interacts with its environment

A

Plasma membrane

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8
Q

living material surrounding the nucleus where most activities take place

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

4 Functions of Cell

A
  • Cell Metabolism and Energy
  • Synthesis of molecules
  • Communication
  • Reproduction and inheritance
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10
Q

outermost component of a cell and serves as the boundary between its inside and outside

A

Cell Membrane

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11
Q

Cell membrane is also known as ___

A

plasma membrane

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12
Q

Cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between: ___ and ____

A
  • intracellular
  • extracellular
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13
Q

Cell membrane’s primary role lies in regulating the ____, including nutrients and waste materials

A

passage of substances

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14
Q

Cell membrane’s structure is described by the ___

A

fluid-mosaic model

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15
Q

In Phospholipid Structure, phospholipids form a ___

A

double layer of molecules.

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16
Q

In the phospholipid, the ___ ___ (water-loving) head face the extracellular and intracellular fluids.

A

polar hydrophilic (water-loving)
head

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17
Q

The nonpolar hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail face away from the ___

A

fluid, towards the center of the double layer.

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18
Q

Cell membranes are ___ ____, allowing some substances to pass into or out of cells while restricting others.

A

selectively permeable

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19
Q

Movement through the cell membrane can be either ___ or___

A
  • passive
  • active
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20
Q

require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP

A

Active Transport Mechanisms

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21
Q

Active Transport Mechanisms includes

A

(1) active transport
(2) secondary active transport
(3) endocytosis
(4) exocytosis

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22
Q

do not require the cell to use energy

A

Passive Transport Mechanisms

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23
Q

Passive Transport Mechanisms includes

A

(1) diffusion
(2) osmosis
(3) facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

process where solutes, such as ions or molecules, move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

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25
Q

Diffusion generally involves the movement of substances in a solution down a ___ ___

A

concentration gradient

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26
Q

a difference in solute concentration between two points divided by the distance between them.

A

Concentration Gradient

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27
Q

acts as a barrier to most water-soluble substances

A

phospholipid bilayer

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28
Q

2 Cell Membrane Channels

A
  • Leak Channels
  • Gated Channels
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29
Q

open and close to limit the movement of ions across the membrane

A

Gated Channels

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30
Q

constantly allow ions to pass through

A

Leak Channels

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31
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration.

A

Osmosis

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32
Q

force required to prevent water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic Pressure

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33
Q

pushing force on water due to the presence of more fluid in one region than another.

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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34
Q

A cell may be placed in solutions that are either:

A
  • hypotonic
  • isotonic
  • hypertonic
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35
Q

equal solute and water concentration

A

Isotonic

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36
Q

lower solute concentration, higher water concentration

A

Hypotonic

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37
Q

higher solute concentration, lower water concentration

A

Hypertonic

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38
Q

transport of molecules from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration with the help of carriers.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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39
Q

Exhibits the properties of specificity, competition, and saturation.

A

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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40
Q

3 Types of Carrier-Mediated Transport

A
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport
  • Secondary Active Transport
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41
Q

___ ____ does not require ATP for energy

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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42
Q

__ ___ does require ATP for transport.

A

Active Transport

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43
Q
  • carrier-mediated process, requiring ATP, that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient.
  • can move substances from lower concentration
A

Active Transport

44
Q

uses the energy provided by a concentration gradient established by the active transport of one substance, such as Na+ to transport other substances.

A

Secondary Active Transport

45
Q

2 Types of Secondary Active Transport

A
  • Contransport
  • Countertransport
46
Q

process that that brings materials into cell using vesicles.

A

Endocytosis

47
Q

3 Types of Endocytosis

A
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
48
Q

occurs when a specific substance binds to the receptor molecule and is transported into the cell.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

49
Q

often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.

A

Phagocytosis

50
Q

has much smaller vesicles formed, and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

A

Pinocytosis

51
Q

membrane-bound sacs

A

secretory vesicles

52
Q

involves the use of membrane-bound sacs called secretory vesicles that accumulate materials for release from the cell.

A

Exocytosis

53
Q

Examples of exocytosis

A

secretion of digestive enzymes

54
Q

organelles of the cell:

A
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • secretory vesicle
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
  • mitochondria
  • cytoskeleton
  • centriole
55
Q
  • large organelle located near the center of the cell
  • Site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.
A

Nucleus

56
Q

The nucleus is bounded by a ___ ___ , which consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow space between them.

A

Nuclear Envelope

57
Q

where materials can pass into or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

58
Q

a loosely coiled chromosome that becomes tightly coiled
during cell division.

A

Chromatin

59
Q

diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane found within the nucleus where subunits of ribosomes are formed.

A

Nucleoli

60
Q

made of both RNA and protein and are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

not attached to any organelle and synthesize proteins used inside the cell.

A

Free Ribosomes

62
Q

produce integral membrane proteins and proteins that are secreted from the cell.

A

Ribosomes attached to ER

63
Q

A series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extend from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

64
Q

attached with ribosomes, the sites where proteins are produced.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

65
Q

has no attached ribosomes and is a site for lipid synthesis, and cellular detoxification.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

66
Q

process by which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and reduce their toxicity.

A

Detoxification

67
Q
  • consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane-bound sacs
  • packing and distribution center that collects, modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids manufactured by the ER
A

Golgi Apparatus

68
Q

Golgi Apparatus is also known as

A

Golgi complex

69
Q

small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells.

A

Secretory vesicles

70
Q

membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus and contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

A

Lysosomes

71
Q

membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller than lysosomes and contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a toxic by-product.

A

Peroxisomes

72
Q

small organelles responsible for producing considerable amounts of ATP by aerobic (with O2) metabolism.

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

numerous folds of the inner membrane

A

Cristae

74
Q

The outer membranes have a ____, but the inner membranes have ___ ___

A
  • smooth contour
  • numerous folds
75
Q

internal framework of the cell that supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place.

A

Cytoskeleton

76
Q

hollow structures formed from protein units called tubulin and it is vital for cell shape, division, and building structures like
cilia.

A

Microtubules

77
Q

small fibrils formed from actin protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape.

A

Microfilaments

78
Q

fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments and they provide mechanical support/ strength to the cell.

A

Intermediate filaments

79
Q

a specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs and contains two centrioles that facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

A

Centrosome

80
Q

cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that project from the surface of cells and are responsible for the movement of materials over the top of cells, such as mucus.

A

Cilia

81
Q

have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer, and they usually occur only one per cell.

A

Flagella

82
Q

specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments and increase the surface area of the cell but don’t actively move like cilia and flagella do.

A

Microvilli

83
Q

“to carry out vital functions and necessary metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of the cell and/or organism.”

A

Cell Activity

84
Q

determined by the type of proteins produced

A

cell characteristics

85
Q

the cells that make up the human body are formed through _____

A

cell division and cell differentiation

86
Q

____ contains the information that directs protein synthesis, this process is called __ ___

A
  • DNA
  • gene expression
87
Q

a sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

A

gene

88
Q

Two Steps of Gene Expression

A
  • Transcription
  • Translation
89
Q

Takes place in the nucleus of the cells and DNA determines the structure of mRNA through it

A

Transcriptions

90
Q

Organic Bases of DNA

A
  • Thymine
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
91
Q

mRNA contains:

A
  • Uracil
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
92
Q

synthesis of proteins based on the information in the mRNA and occurs in the cell cytoplasm after mRNA has exited the nucleus through the nuclear pores to the ribosomes.

A

Translation

93
Q

Two Major Phases of Cell Cycle

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
94
Q

Each human cells, except sex cells, contains __ chromosomes.

A

46 chromosomes

95
Q

involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Mitosis

96
Q

Mitosis is divided into 4 Phases:

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
97
Q

Chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.

A

Prophase

98
Q

Chromosomes align near the center of the cells

A

Metaphase

99
Q

Chromatids separate at the beginning of ___

A

Anaphase

100
Q

The chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase

A

Telophase

101
Q

Two Types of Tumor

A
  • Benign
  • Malignant
102
Q

Less dangerous type of tumor which they are not inclined to spread but still increase in size.

A

Benign Tumor

103
Q

Can be spread by local growth and expansion or by metastasis

A

Malignant Tumor

104
Q

refers to malignant and lack the normal growth control that is exhibited by most adult tissue

A

Cancer

105
Q

process by which cells develop with specialized structures and functions

A

Differentiation

106
Q
  • normal process by which cell numbers within various tissues are adjusted and controlled
  • regulated by specific genes
A

Apoptosis

Anaphy (10 decks)

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