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Anaphy > Chapter 8: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movements, physiological processess and intellectual functions

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  • Receiving Sensory Input
  • Integrating Information
  • Controlling muscles and glands
  • Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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3
Q

receive stimuli, conduct action potentials, and transmit signals to other neurons or effector organs

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Neurons are also known as

A

nerve cells

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5
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A
  • Cell Body
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
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6
Q

source of information for gene expression

A

Cell Body

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7
Q

usually receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptors and transmit information toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

conduct action potentials from one part of the brain/spinal cord to another part

A

Axons

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9
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Sensory Neuron
  • Motor Neuron
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10
Q

carries information to the CNS from the body

A

Sensory Neuron

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11
Q

send information to the body from the CNS

A

Motor Neuron

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12
Q

Categories of Neurons

A
  • Multipolar Neurons
  • Bipolar Neurons
  • Pseudo-unipolar Neurons
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13
Q

a category of neurons that has two processes; one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

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14
Q

a category of neurons that has many dendrites and a single axon

A

Multipolar Neuron

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15
Q

a category of neurons that appears to have an axon and no dendrites

A

Pseudo-unipolar neurons

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16
Q

carry out different functions that enhance neuron function and maintain normal conditions within nervous tissue

A

Glial Cells

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17
Q

Types of Glial Cells in the CNS

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
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18
Q

major supporting cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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19
Q

line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS

A

Ependymal Cells

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20
Q

immune cells of the CNS that helps protect the brain by removing bacteria and cell debris

A

Microglia

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21
Q

provide an insulating material that surrounds axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Type of Glian Cells in the PNS

A

Schwann Cell

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23
Q

specialized layers that wrap around the axons of some neurons formed by the oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

A

Myelin Sheaths

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24
Q

consists of neurons and microglia and one of the four major tissue types

A

Nervous Tissue

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25
consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheath
White Matter
26
white matter of the PNS forms
nerves
27
white matter of the CNS forms
nerve tracts
28
consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites where there is very little myelin
Gray Matter
29
gray matter on the surface of the brain
cortex
30
clusters of gray matter on the surface of the brain
nuclei
31
cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
ganglion
32
uneven charge distribution in an unstimulated or resting cell
Resting Membrane Potential
33
inside = ___ charged outside = ___ charged
negatively, positively
34
Higher concentration of K+ immediately ___ the cell
inside
35
Higher concentration of Na+ immediately___ of the cell membrane
outside
36
required to maintain the greater concentration of Na+ (outside) and K+ (inside) the cell membrane
Sodium-Potassium Pump
37
Sodium-Potassium pump actively transports _____ and ____ of the cell
K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
38
voltage across the cell membrane changes from -70 mV to +20mV
Depolarization
39
the voltage across the cell membrane returns to -70mV
Repolarization
40
the charge on the cell membrane briefly becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential
Hyperpolarization
41
all-or-none change in membrane potential in an excitable tissue that is propagated as an electrical signal
Action Potential
42
2 Basic Types of Ion Channels
- Leak Channels - Gated Channels
43
Types of Gated Channels
- Chemically gated channels - Voltage-gated channels
44
opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals
Chemically gated channels
45
Voltage-gated channels
opened by a change in membrane potential
46
Types of Action Potential
- Continuous Conduction - Saltatory Conduction
47
Conducted along the entire axon cell membrane
Continuous Conduction
48
"jump" from one node of ranvier to the next along the length of the axon
Saltatory Conductuon
49
intiated and opened by chemically-gated channels and activates voltage-gated channels to initiate an action potential
Local Potential
50
junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with one another neuron or with cells of an effector organ
Synapse
51
an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS
Reflexes
52
neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs and the basic functional unit of the NS
Reflex Arc
53
5 Basic Components of Reflex Arc
- Sensory Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Interneuron - Motor Neuron - Effector Organ
54
Neuronal Pathways: Two Simple Pathways
- Converging Pathways - Diverging Pathway
55
two or more neurons synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron
Conversing Pathways
56
axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other postsynaptic neuron
Diverging Pathway
57
allows integration of multiple subthreshold local potentials
Summation of signals in neuronal pathways
58
can bring the membrane potential to threshold and trigger an action potential
Summation of the local potentials
59
occurs when the local potential originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron
Temporal Summation
60
occurs when local potentials overlap in time and can occur from a single input that fires rapidly
Spatial Summation
61
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System
62
Communication link between the CNS and the various parts of the body
PNS
63
Information from PNS to CNS is either: ___, ___ or ___
ignored, triggers a reflex or evaluated
64
Central Nervous System consists of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
65
Peripheral Nervous System consists of?
Nerves and Ganglia
66
3 Parts of Spinal Cord
- Superficial White Matter Portion - Deep Gray Matter Portion - Spinal Nerves
67
Two Spinal Reflexes
- Knee-jerk Reflex - Withdrawal Reflex
68
used by clinicians to determine if the higher CNS that normally influence this reflex are functional.
Knee-jerk reflex
69
Knee-jerk reflex is also known as
Patellar reflex
70
function is to remove a limb or a body part from a painful stimulus
Withdrawal Reflex
71
Withdrawal Reflex is also known as
Flexor reflex

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