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Anaphy > Chapter 9: Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Senses Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors

A

Sensation

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2
Q

receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

General Senses

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3
Q

Provide sensory information about the body and the environment

A

Somatic Senses

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4
Q

provide information about internal organs, mainly pain and pressure

A

Visceral Senses

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5
Q

sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials

A

Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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7
Q

sensory receptors that respond to temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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8
Q

Sensory receptor that respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

sensory receptor that respond to mechanical stimuli

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

sensory receptor that respond to chemicals

A

Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

sensory receptor that respond to light

A

Photoreceptor

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12
Q

Type of sensory receptor thay consists of specialized cells that detect diff odor molecules present in the air

A

Olfactory Receptors

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13
Q

responsible for processing and interpreting information about different smells detected by our olfactory receptors in the nose

A

Olfactory Bulb

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14
Q

bundle of nerve fibers that connects the olfactory bulb to other regions of the brain, specifically the primary olfactory cortex

A

Olfactory Tract

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15
Q

primary means by which the sense of smell is transmitted to the CNS

A

Olfactory Nerves

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16
Q

sensory receptor responsible for sense of hearing

A

Hair cells

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17
Q

responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

A

Cochlea

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18
Q

bundle of nerve fibers that carries auditory information from cochlea to the brain

A

Auditory Nerve

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19
Q

primary area responsible for processing auditory information including the perception and interpretation of sounds

A

Auditory Cortex

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20
Q

specialized in detecting mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch, vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibrations

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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22
Q

respond to sustained pressure and play a role in the perception of shapes and edges

A

Merkel Discs

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23
Q

Mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to rapid changes in pressure or vibration

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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24
Q

Respond to sustained pressure and stretching of skin

A

Ruffini Corpuscles

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25
responsible for our **sense of taste** allowing us to perceive and distinguish diff flavors
Taste Buds
26
key players in taste process
taste receptor cells
27
taste receptor cells have **microscopic hair-like projections** called __ __ or __
taste hairs or microvilli
28
Taste hairs or microvilli extend into a small opening called __ __
taste pore
29
sense of **movement and position** of the body and limbs
proprioception
30
**simplest and most common** receptors which are relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites
free nerve endings
31
- structurally **more complex** than free nerve endings - many are enclosed by capsules
touch receptors
32
types of touch receptors
- merkel disks - hair follicle receptors - meissner corpuscles - ruffini corpuscles - pacinian corpuscles
33
- characterized by a group of **unpleasant** perceptual and emotional experiences - serves as one of the **paramount signals** our body provides to ensure our survival
pain
34
2 types of pain sensation
- localized, sharp, pricking, or cutting pain - diffuse, burning, or aching pain
35
resulting from **rapidly** conducted action potentials
localized, sharp, prickling, or cutting pain
36
resulting from action potentials that are propagated **more slowly**
diffuse, burning, or aching pain
37
use of medicines **to prevent pain** during surgery and other procedures
anesthesia
38
anesthesia may be given through:
- injection - inhalation - topical lotion - spray - eye drops - skin patch
39
types of anesthesia
- local anesthesia - general anesthesia
40
a treatment where chemical anesthetics are injected **near a sensory receptor or nerve**, resulting in reduced pain sensation
local anesthesia
41
a treatment where chemical anesthetics that **affect the reticular formation** are administered
general anesthesia
42
proposes the existence of **neurological 'gate'** within the spinal cord that regulates the transmission of pain signals to the brain
gate control theory
43
- closely related, both structurally and functionally - both are initiated by the interaction of **chemicals** with sensory receptors
smell and taste
44
initiated by the interaction of **light** with sensory receptors
vision
45
occurs in response to **sound waves**
hearing
46
occurs in response to **gravity or motion**
balance
47
**sense of smell** which occurs in response to airborne molecules called *odorants* that enter the nasal cavity
olfaction
48
**bipolar neurons** within the *olfactory epithelium* which lines the superior part of the nasal cavity
olfactory neurons
49
**supporting the head's structures** and **protecting the brain**, including the eyes and nasal passages
frontal bones
50
- first cranial nerve - enables the sense of taste
fibers olfactory nerve
51
transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
52
- **warms and humidifies** the air as you breathe - acts as a barrier for the immune system to keep harmful microbes from entering the body
nasal cavity
53
- **connect** your nasal passages to the rest of your respiratory system - allows air to get from your nose to your lungs
nasopharynx
54
involved with **feeding, breathing, swallowing, and speech**
palate
55
- **thin, clear liquid** consisting of water, salts, and protective immune cells - protects the tissue that lines your lungs, throat, and nasal and sinus passages and keeps them from drying out
mucus
56
accessory structures (vision)
- eyebrows - eyelids - conjunctiva - lacrimal apparatus - extrinsic eye muscles
57
**prevent** perspiration and direct sunlight from entering the eyes
eyebrows
58
- **lined** with eyelashes - protects the eye from foreign objects
eyelids
59
**thin, transparent mucus membrane**, covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the eye's anterior surface
conjunctiva
60
**produces** tears
lacrimal gland
61
**collects** tears
lacrimal canaliculi
62
**opening** to nasal cavity
lacrimal sac
63
enables the movement of the eyeball
extrinsic eye muscles
64
hollow, fluid-filled sphere
eyeball
65
3 tissue layers or tunics of the eyeball's wall
- fibrous tunic - vascular tunic - nervous tunic
66
**outer and black part** of the eye
fibrous tunic
67
**middle** layer
vascular tunic
68
**inner and colored part** of the eye
nervous tunic
69
chambers of the eye
- anterior chamber - posterior chamber - vitreous chamber
70
- filled with aqueous humor - help **maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients** to inner surface of eye
anterior chamber
71
contains aqueous humor
posterior chamber
72
- filled with **vitreous** humor - help **maintain pressure, hold lens and retina in place, refracts light**
vitreous chamber
73
leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial cavity
optic nerve
74
where 2 optic nerves **connect**
optic chiasm
75
**route** of ganglion axons to the thalamus
optic tracts
76
extend from the thalamus to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
optic radiations
77
nearsightedness
myopia
78
farsightedness
hyperopia
79
lens becomes **less elastic**
presbyopia
80
**irregular curvature** of lens
astigmatism
81
**absence or deficient** cones
colorblindness
82
**increased pressure** in eye
glaucoma
83
part extending **from the outside** of the head to the tympanic membrane
external ear
84
- fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head - opens into the external auditory canal
auricle
85
lined with hairs and ceruminous (wax) glands, which produce cerumen (earwax)
auditory canal
86
- eardrum - thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear
tympanic membrane
87
air-filled chamber **medial** to the tympanic membrane
middle ear
88
3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear
- malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) - stapes (stirrup)
89
consists of interconnecting tunnels and chambers **within the temporal bone**
inner ear
90
involved in balance
- vestibule - semicircular canals
91
**create** sound waves
vibrations
92
collected by the auricle and conducted through the external auditory canal toward the tympanic membrane
sound waves
93
2 components of equilibrium
- static equilibrium - dynamic equilibrium
94
associated with the vestibule and is involved in evaluating the **position of the head relative to gravity**
static equilibrium
95
associated with the semicircular canals and is involved in evaluating **changes in the direction and rate of head movements**
dynamic equilibrium
96
**mechanical deficiency** in transmission of sound waves from outer ear to spiral organ
conduction deafness
97
deficiencies of **spiral organ or nerve pathways**
sensorineural hearing loss
98
**phantom** sound sensations such as ringing in ears
tinnitus
99
can damage or rupture tympanic membrane in extreme cases
middle ear infection
100
- can **decrease detection of sound and maintenance of balance** - may be **caused by chronic middle ear infections**
inner ear infection
101
caused when information to brain from semicircular canals **conflicts** with the information from eyes and position sensors in back and lower limbs
nausea
102
- vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear - most common disease involving dizziness from inner ear
meniere disease

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