Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
group of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them
A
tissues
2
Q
microscopic study of tissue structure
A
histology
3
Q
4 basic tissue type
A
- epithelial tissue
- nervous tissue
- muscle tissue
- connective tissue
4
Q
- covering or lining tissue
- cellular tissue
- also present in exocrine and endocrine glands
A
epithelial tissues
5
Q
classifications of epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers
A
- simple epithelium
- stratified epithelium
- pseudostratified
6
Q
classifications of epithelial tissues based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells
A
- squamous epithelium
- cuboidal epithelium
- columnar epithelium
7
Q
- more than one layer of cuboids
- relatively rare
- sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary glands
- functions in absorption, secretion, protection
A
stratified cuboidal epithelium
8
Q
- more than one layer, only the surface is columnar
- deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal
- relatively rare
- mammary gland ducts, larynx, and a portion of male urethra
- carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption
A
stratified columnar epithelium
9
Q
- not in contact with other cells
- can be smooth or folded and have microvilli and cilia
A
free cell surfaces
10
Q
cell connections
A
- desmosomes
- hemidesmosomes
- tight junctions
- adhesion belts
- gap junctions
11
Q
- mechanical links
- bind cells together
A
desmosomes
12
Q
cells to basement membrane
A
hemidesmosomes
13
Q
- form barriers
- near free surface
- surround each cell
A
tight junctions
14
Q
help tight junctions
A
adhesion belts
15
Q
for intercellular communication
A
gap junctions
16
Q
- secretory organs
- composed of epithelial tissues
A
glands
17
Q
types of glands
A
- endocrine glands
- exocrine glands
18
Q
ductless gland that produces chemicals
A
endocrine gland
19
Q
produce variety of products such as saliva, sweat, digestive tract secretions
A
exocrine glands
20
Q
classifications of exocrine glands acc to structure of ducts
A
- simple gland
- compound gland
21
Q
classification of exocrine glands acc to secretory region
A
- tubular
- acinar / alveolar
22
Q
classifications of exocrine glands acc to how products leave the cell
A
- merocrine secretion
- apocrine secretion
- holocrine secretion
23
Q
release by exocytosis
A
merocrine gland
24
Q
release as pinched-off fragments
A
apocrine gland
25
shedding of entire cells
holocrine gland
26
- a primary tissue type **found in every organ**.
- distinct from other tissue types due to its abundant extracellular matrix.
- diverse in both structure and function
connective tissue
27
suffix that means "**creates** the matrix"
-blast
28
suffix that means "**maintains** the matrix"
-cyte
29
suffix that means "**breaks** the matrix down for remodeling
-clast
30
loose connective tissue is composed of:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
31
- a fine **network of fibers** with spaces between the fibers
- fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes are located in the spaces
areolar connective tissue
32
little extracellular matrix surrounding cells
adipose tissue
33
fine network of **reticular fibers** irregularly arranged
reticular tissue
34
dense connective tissue is composed of:
- regular
- irregular
- elastic
35
matrix composed of **collagen fibers** running in somewhat the same direction in tendons and ligaments
dense regular collagenous
36
matrix composed of **collagen fibers and elastin fibers** running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments
dense regular elastic
37
supporting connective tissue is composed of:
- cartilage
- bone
38
- collagen fibers are small and **evenly dispersed** in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent
- the chrondocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix
hyaline cartilage
39
cartilage can be classified into:
- hyaline cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- elastic cartilage
40
- somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
- connects structures subjected to great pressure
fibrocartilage
41
- provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because they **can return to their own shape**
elastic cartilage
42
- provides great strength and support
- protects internal organs
- provides attachment site for muscles and ligaments
- the joints allow movements
bone
43
bone can be classified into:
- compact
- spongy
44
fluid connective tissue consists of
- platelets
- white blood cells
- red blood cells
- plasma
45
- bathes blood cells and platelets within blood vessels
- contains proteins for blood coagulation and transports through the blood
- higher amounts of protein
- small percentage of extracellular fluid
plasma
46
- found between the cells of the tissues
- surrounds the body cells, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste materials
- lesser amounts of proteins
- higher percentage of extracellular fluid
fluid
47
to contract, shorten, making movement possible
muscle tissue
48
types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
49
- fibers are striated, tubular, and multi nucleated
- **voluntary**
- usually attached to **skeleton**
skeletal muscle
50
- fibers are non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
- **involuntary**
- usually covering **wall of internal organs**
smooth muscle
51
- fibers are striated, branched and uninucleated
- **involuntary**
- only covering walls of the **heart**
cardiac muscle
52
- forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities which consists of neurons and support cells
nervous tissue
53
responsible for conducting action potentials
neuron or nerve cell
54
3 parts of neuron
- cell body
- dendrites
- axons
55
- support cells of the nervous system
- surround, nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons
neuroglia or glia
56
a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
action potentials
57
- a thin sheet or layer of a tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
- most membranes consist of epithelium and the connective tissue on which the epithelium rests
tissue membrane
58
4 tissue membranes in the body
- skin or cutaneous
- mucous
- serous
- synovial
59
**external** tissue membrane composed of stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue
skin or cutaneous membrane
60
internal tissue membrane that:
- line **cavities that open** to the outside of the body
- functions vary depending on the location but include protection, absorption, and secretion
mucous membrane
61
internal tissue membrane that **do not open to the outside** of the body, and does not contain glands, but secrete a small amount of serous fluid
serous membranes
62
small amount of fluid that lubricates the surface of membranes
serous fluid
63
3 serous cavities
- pericardial
- pleural
- peritoneal
64
heart cavity
pericardial cavity
65
lung cavity
pleural cavity
66
cavity of most organs of the abdomen
peritoneal cavities
67
internal tissue membrane that:
- lines the cavities of **freely movable joints**
- made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells
- either continuous with the dense CT of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue
synovial membranes
68
types of tissue damage
- mechanical
- chemical
- infectious agents
69
includes injuries from **physical trauma**
mechanical tissue damage
70
caused by exposure to **harmful substances**
chemical tissue damage
71
damage resulting from **bacterial, viral, or other microbial infections**
infectious agents tissue damage
72
occurs when tissues are damages and can result from the immediate painful events that follow trauma
inflammation
73
5 major symptoms of inflammation
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- disturbance of function
74
substances that are **released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels** after an injury
chemical mediators
75
chemical mediators include:
- histamine
- prostaglandins
76
a chemical that helps your immune system respond to **allergy triggers** and is involved in various bodily functions
histamine
77
lipids that **control inflammation, blood clotting, pain and labor**
prostaglandins
78
produced when nerve cell endings are stimulated by direct damage and by some chemical mediators to produce pain sensations
pain
79
- swelling of the tissues
- results when water, proteins, and other substances from the blood move into the tissues
edema
80
one of the proteins that forms a **fibrous network** that "walls off" the site of the injury from the rest of the body
fibrin
81
- One type of blood cell that enters the tissues, a **phagocytic white blood cell** that fights infections by ingesting bacteria
- die after ingesting a small number of bacteria
neutrophil
82
mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, and fluid that can accumulate
pus
83
caused by **persistent injuries or prolonged exposure to irritants**, can replace normal tissue with fibrous connective tissue, impairing organ function and potentially leading to death
chronic inflammation
84
used **to suppress symptoms** of excessive inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis or actions of chemical mediators
- antihistamine
- anti-inflammatory agents
85
suppress the effects of **histamine** released in people with hay fever
antihistamine
86
effective anti-inflammatory agents that **relieve pain**
- aspirin
- ibuprofen
- naproxen
87
the **substitution** of viable cells for dead cells and can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis
tissue repair
88
when the **new cells** are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored
regeneration
89
- the **predominant repair mechanism** in some tissues
- when a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function
fibrosis
90
process of tissue repair
- clot is first formed
- new epithelial tissue cells grow into the wound
- formation of granulation tissue
- granulation tissue is replaced with new connective tissue
91
contains the threadlike protein fibrin, which **binds the edges of the wound together and stops the bleeding**
clot
92
The surface of the clot that dries to form into a ____, which **seals the wound and helps prevent infection**
scab
93
a delicate, **granular-appearing** connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries
granulation tissue
94
a result of the contraction of fibroblasts in the granulation tissue, **pulls the edges of the wound closer together**
wound contracture
