Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
anatomy & physiology is the study of the ____ and ____ of the human body
A
- structure
- function
2
Q
relationship between structure & function
function _____ structure
structure _____ function
A
- reflects
- defines
3
Q
scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
A
anatomy
4
Q
study of the body by systems
A
systemic anatomy
5
Q
study of the organization of the body by areas
A
regional anatomy
6
Q
study of the external features
A
surface anatomy
7
Q
use of technologies that create pictures of internal structures
A
anatomical imaging
8
Q
scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
A
physiology
9
Q
study of a specific organism, the human
A
human physiology
10
Q
2 subdivisions of human physiology
A
- cellular physiology
- systemic physiology
11
Q
study of physiological process among cells
A
cellular physiology
12
Q
study of specific organ systems and its functions
A
systemic physiology
13
Q
involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
A
chemical level
14
Q
fundamental units of matter
A
atoms
15
Q
group of atoms held together by chemical bond
A
molecules
16
Q
involves how organelles combine and form cells
A
cell level
17
Q
basic structural unit and functional unit of organisms
A
cells
18
Q
small structures of molecules that make up eukaryotic cells
A
organelles
19
Q
involves how cells group together to form tissues
A
tissue level
20
Q
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
A
tissues
21
Q
involves how tissues interact and form organs
A
organ level
22
Q
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
A
organs
23
Q
involves how a number of organs work together to function as an organ system
A
organ system level
24
Q
group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of function
A
organ system
25
- provides protection
- regulates temperature
- prevents water loss
- helps produce vitamin D
integumentary system
26
- provides protection and support
- allows body movements
- produces blood cells
- stores minerals and adipose tissue
skeletal system
27
- produces body movements
- maintains posture
- produces body heat
muscular system
28
detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
nervous system
29
influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
endocrine system
30
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
cardiovascular system
31
- removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
- combats disease
- maintains tissue fluid balance
- absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
lymphatic system
32
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
respiratory system
33
performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
digestive system
34
removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
urinary system
35
- produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
- produces milk for the newborn
- produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
female reproductive system
36
- produces and transfers sperm cells to the female
- produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
male reproductive system
37
involves how organ systems become mutually dependent with one another to **form one fully-functional organism**
organism level
38
any living thing considered as a whole
organism
39
specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism interacting and working together
organization
40
**ability to use energy** to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
metabolism
41
ability of an organism to **sense changes** in the environment and **make the adjustments** that help maintain its life
responsiveness
42
an **increase** in size of all or part of the organism
growth
43
**changes** an organism undergoes *through time*
development
44
change in cell structure and function **from generalized to specialized**
differentiation
45
**formation** of new cells or new organisms
reproduction
46
existence and **maintenance** of a relatively *constant* environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
homeostasis
47
mechanisms that **maintain** biological systems near an *average normal* or *set point*
homeostatic mechanisms
48
when any deviation from the set point is made **smaller** or is **resisted**
negative feedback mechanism
49
3 components of negative feedback mechanism
- receptor
- control center
- effector
50
**monitors** the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by *detecting stimuli*
receptor
51
**determines** the set point for the variable and **receives** input *from the receptor* about the variable
control center
52
**change** the value of the variable when directed by the control center
effector
53
when the initial stimulus **further stimulates** the response
positive feedback mechanism
54
refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
anatomical position
55
refers to the person lying **face-up** on their back
supine
56
refers to the person lying **face-down** on their stomach
prone position
57
describe parts of the body relative to each other
directional terms
58
above/up
superior
59
nearest
proximal
60
toward the midline
medial
61
below/down
inferior
62
distant
distal
63
away from the midline
lateral
64
belly
ventral
65
front
anterior
66
close to the body
superficial
67
back
dorsal or posterior
68
toward the interior
deep
69
abdominal regions
- right hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- right iliac region
- epigastric region
- umbilical region
- hypogastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- left lumbar region
- left iliac region
70
hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections
planes
71
flight of an arrow and the way the body would be **split by an arrow passing anteriorly or posteriorly**
sagittal plane
72
runs parallel to the surface of the ground dividing the body into **superior and inferior parts**
transverse plane
73
runs vertically **from right to left** and divides the body into *anterior and posterior* parts
frontal plane
74
cut along the **length of the organ**
longitudinal section
75
cuts completely **through an organ**
transverse section
76
made **diagonally** across the long axis
oblique section
77
contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body
trunk cavities
78
**surrounded by the rib cage** and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
thoracic cavity
79
section that houses the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures
mediastinum
80
bounded primarily by the **abdominal muscles** and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys
abdominal cavity
81
small space enclosed by the **bones of the pelvis** and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
82
*line the trunk cavities* and cover the organs of these cavities
serous membranes
83
part of a serous membrane **lines the wall of the cavity**
parietal part
84
part of the *serous membrane* that **covers the internal organs**
visceral part
85
3 serous membrane-lined cavities of the thoracic cavity
- pericardial cavity
- visceral pericardium
- parietal pericardium
86
**surrounds** the heart
pericardial cavity
87
**covers** the heart
visceral pericardium
88
**forms outer layer of the sac** around the heart
parietal pericardium
89
fluid filling the pericardial cavity
pericardial fluid
90
located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and **contains pleural fluid**
pleural cavity
91
lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm
parietal pleura
92
contains a serous membrane lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
93
covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
visceral pertoneum
94
lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm
parietal peritoneum
95
located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid
peritoneal cavity
96
inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
97
inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
98
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
99
inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
100
found behind the parietal peritoneum
retroperitoneal organs
