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Anaphy > Chapter 10: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities

A

chemical messengers

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2
Q

4 classes of chemical messengers

A
  • autocrine chemical messengers
  • paracrine chemical messengers
  • neurotransmitters
  • endocrine chemical messengers
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3
Q
  • secreted by cells in a local area
  • influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted
A

autocrine CM

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4
Q
  • produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid
  • has a localized effect on other tissues
A

paracrine CM

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5
Q
  • produced by neurons
  • secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals
  • travels short distances
  • influences postsynaptic cells
A

neurotransmitters

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6
Q
  • secreted into the blood by specialized cells
  • travels some distance to target tissues
  • results in coordinated regulation of cell function
A

endocrine CM

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7
Q

10 regulatory functions of the endocrine system

A
  • metabolism
  • control of food intake and digestion
  • tissue development
  • ion regulation
  • heart rate and blood pressure regulation
  • water balance
  • control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  • control of reproductive functions
  • uterine contractions and milk release
  • immune system regulation
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8
Q

composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body

A

endocrine system

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9
Q

have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body, or into a hollow organ, such as the stomach or intestines

A

exocrine glands

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10
Q
  • Chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and cells
  • Travel through the general blood circulation to target tissues or effectors
  • regulate almost every physiological process in our body
A

hormones

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11
Q

Specific sites where hormones produce a particular response of the target tissues

A

target tissues

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12
Q

2 chemical categories of hormones

A
  • lipid-soluble hormones
  • water-soluble hormones
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13
Q
  • nonpolar
  • insoluble in water-based fluids
A

lipid-soluble hormones

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14
Q
  • polar molecules
  • can dissolve in blood
A

water-soluble hormones

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15
Q

3 stimulatory influences on hormone secretion

A
  • control by humoral stimuli
  • control by neural stimuli
  • control by hormonal stimuli
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16
Q
  • blood-borne chemicals that can directly stimulate the release of some hormones
  • sensitive to the blood levels of a particular substance
A

humoral stimuli

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17
Q

chemical messenger hormones made when neurons are stimulated

A

neuropeptides

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18
Q

occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones

A

hormonal stimuli

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19
Q
  • hormones that stimulate the secretion of another hormone
  • part of a complex process in which a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
A

tropic hormones

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20
Q

3 inhibitory influences on hormone secretion

A
  • inhibition of hormone released by humoral stimuli
  • inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli
  • inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli
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21
Q

regulation of hormone levels in the blood can be:

A
  • negative feedback
  • positive feedback
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22
Q
  • The hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point and there is adequate hormone to activate the target cell
  • self-limiting system
A

negative feedback

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23
Q

self-propagated system

A

positive feedback

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24
Q

Hormones exert their actions by binding to proteins

A

receptors

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25
Q

portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds

A

receptor site

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26
Q

tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor, and not to others

A

specificity

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27
Q

can also be located in the cytoplasm, but then move to the nucleus when activated

A

nuclear receptors

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28
Q

proteins that extend across the cell membrane, with their hormone-binding sites exposed on the cell membrane’s outer surface

A

membrane-bound receptors

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29
Q
  • small gland about the size of a pea
  • regulates secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called the isthmus

A

thyroid gland

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31
Q

lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity

A

thymus

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32
Q

two small glands located superior to each kidney

A

adrenal glands

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33
Q

paired, oval organs in the left and right side of the uterus in the lower abdomen

A

ovaries

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34
Q

a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain

A

pineal gland

35
Q

embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid gland

36
Q

located inside the abdomen, just behind the stomach, and it’s about the size of a hand

A

pancreas

37
Q
  • also known as testicles
  • lie behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum
A

testes

38
Q

produce neuropeptides and secrete them into the capillary bed in the hypothalamus

A

neurons of the hypothalamus

39
Q

capillary beds and veins that transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

40
Q

function as either releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamus neuropeptides

41
Q

stimulates the production and secretion of specific hormones by the anterior pituitary

A

releasing hormones

42
Q

reduces the secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

A

inhibiting hormones

43
Q

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating the secretion of glucocorticoids like cortisol

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

45
Q

helps regulate blood nutrient levels and responds to stress

A

cortisol

46
Q
  • stimulates milk production (lactation) after childbirth
  • has various effects on the reproductive system in both males and females
A

prolactin

47
Q
  • Increases gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and release of fatty acids from cells
  • increases blood glucose levels
A

growth hormone

48
Q
  • Increases thyroid hormone secretion (thyroxine and triiodothyronine).
A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

49
Q
  • Increases melanin production in melanocytes to make skin darker in color
A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

50
Q
  • also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland
  • binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules. This results in less water lost as urine
A

antidiuretic hormone

51
Q
  • a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland
  • involved in childbirth and lactation
A

oxytocin

52
Q

a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain stability and balance, or homeostasis, within a system

A

negative feedback

53
Q

____ is when an excess of one or more hormone is secreted from a gland

A

hypersecretion

54
Q

____ is when the amount of hormones that are released is too low

A

hyposecretion

55
Q

caused by the deficiency of growth hormone

A

pituitary dwarf

56
Q

If excess growth hormone is present before bones finish growing in length, exaggerated bone growth occurs

A

giantism

57
Q

If excess hormone is secreted after growth in bone length is complete, growth continues in bone diameter only.

A

acromegaly

58
Q

______ stimulates ovulation in females while stimulates interstitial cells of the testes

A

luteinizing hormone

59
Q

stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm cells in the testes

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

60
Q
  • production of a large amount of dilute urine
  • an uncommon problem that causes the fluids in the body to become out of balance
A

diabetes insipidus

61
Q

Increase metabolic rates, essential for normal process of growth and maturation

A

thyroid hormone

62
Q

elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion

A

hyperthyroidism

63
Q

contains four iodine atoms and is abbreviated T4

A

thyroxine

64
Q

contains three iodine atoms and is abbreviated T3

A

triiodothyronine

65
Q
  • Decreases rate of bone breakdown
  • prevents large increase in blood Ca2+ levels following a meal
A

calcitonin

66
Q

bones can become soft, deformed, and easily fractured

A

hyperparathyroidism

67
Q

nerves and muscles become excitable and produce spontaneous action potentials

A

hypoparathyroidism

68
Q

hormones of adrenal medulla

A
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
69
Q

hormone of adrenal cortex

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol)
70
Q
  • Insignificant in males
  • increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair
A

adrenal androgens

71
Q

results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure

A

pheochromocytoma

72
Q

a chronic condition in which your adrenal glands don’t produce enough of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone

A

addison’s disease

73
Q

disorder that occurs when your body has a high level of the hormone cortisol

A

cushing syndrome

74
Q

Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids

A

insulin

75
Q

Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the circulatory system

A

glucagon

76
Q

the body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels within the normal range

A

diabetes mellitus

77
Q

occurs when the level of glucose in your blood drops below what is healthy for you

A

hypoglycemia

78
Q

Aids in sperm cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior

A

testes

79
Q

Promotes immune system development and function

A

thymosin

80
Q

Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thereby inhibiting reproduction

A

melatonin

81
Q
  • secreted by the right atrium of the heart in response to elevated blood pressure
  • inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys
A

atrial natriuretic hormone

82
Q
  • secreted by the kidney in response to reduced oxygen levels in the kidney
  • acts on bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells
A

erythropoietin

83
Q

secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone, which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy

A

placenta

Anaphy (10 decks)

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