Chapter 10: Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities
A
chemical messengers
2
Q
4 classes of chemical messengers
A
- autocrine chemical messengers
- paracrine chemical messengers
- neurotransmitters
- endocrine chemical messengers
3
Q
- secreted by cells in a local area
- influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted
A
autocrine CM
4
Q
- produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid
- has a localized effect on other tissues
A
paracrine CM
5
Q
- produced by neurons
- secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals
- travels short distances
- influences postsynaptic cells
A
neurotransmitters
6
Q
- secreted into the blood by specialized cells
- travels some distance to target tissues
- results in coordinated regulation of cell function
A
endocrine CM
7
Q
10 regulatory functions of the endocrine system
A
- metabolism
- control of food intake and digestion
- tissue development
- ion regulation
- heart rate and blood pressure regulation
- water balance
- control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- control of reproductive functions
- uterine contractions and milk release
- immune system regulation
8
Q
composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body
A
endocrine system
9
Q
have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body, or into a hollow organ, such as the stomach or intestines
A
exocrine glands
10
Q
- Chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and cells
- Travel through the general blood circulation to target tissues or effectors
- regulate almost every physiological process in our body
A
hormones
11
Q
Specific sites where hormones produce a particular response of the target tissues
A
target tissues
12
Q
2 chemical categories of hormones
A
- lipid-soluble hormones
- water-soluble hormones
13
Q
- nonpolar
- insoluble in water-based fluids
A
lipid-soluble hormones
14
Q
- polar molecules
- can dissolve in blood
A
water-soluble hormones
15
Q
3 stimulatory influences on hormone secretion
A
- control by humoral stimuli
- control by neural stimuli
- control by hormonal stimuli
16
Q
- blood-borne chemicals that can directly stimulate the release of some hormones
- sensitive to the blood levels of a particular substance
A
humoral stimuli
17
Q
chemical messenger hormones made when neurons are stimulated
A
neuropeptides
18
Q
occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones
A
hormonal stimuli
19
Q
- hormones that stimulate the secretion of another hormone
- part of a complex process in which a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
A
tropic hormones
20
Q
3 inhibitory influences on hormone secretion
A
- inhibition of hormone released by humoral stimuli
- inhibition of hormone release by neural stimuli
- inhibition of hormone release by hormonal stimuli
21
Q
regulation of hormone levels in the blood can be:
A
- negative feedback
- positive feedback
22
Q
- The hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point and there is adequate hormone to activate the target cell
- self-limiting system
A
negative feedback
23
Q
self-propagated system
A
positive feedback
24
Q
Hormones exert their actions by binding to proteins
A
receptors
25
portion of each receptor molecule **where a hormone binds**
receptor site
26
tendency for each type of hormone to **bind to one type of receptor, and not to others**
specificity
27
can also be located in the cytoplasm, but then **move to the nucleus** when activated
nuclear receptors
28
proteins that **extend across the cell membrane**, with their hormone-binding sites exposed on the cell membrane’s outer surface
membrane-bound receptors
29
- **small gland** about the size of a pea
- **regulates secretion of hormones** from other endocrine glands through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
pituitary gland
30
made up of **two lobes connected by a narrow band** called the isthmus
thyroid gland
31
lies in the **upper part of the thoracic cavity**
thymus
32
**two small glands** located superior to each kidney
adrenal glands
33
**paired, oval organs** in the left and right side of the uterus in the lower abdomen
ovaries
34
a **small, *pine*cone-shaped structure** located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain
pineal gland
35
embedded in the ***posterior* wall of the thyroid gland**.
parathyroid gland
36
located inside the abdomen, just behind the stomach, and it’s **about the size of a hand**
pancreas
37
- also known as **testicles**
- lie behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum
testes
38
produce neuropeptides and secrete them into the capillary bed **in the hypothalamus**
neurons of the hypothalamus
39
capillary beds and veins that **transport the releasing and inhibiting hormones**
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
40
function as **either** releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones
hypothalamus neuropeptides
41
**stimulates** the production and secretion of specific hormones by the anterior pituitary
releasing hormones
42
**reduces** the secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones
inhibiting hormones
43
**produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones** that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
hypothalamus
44
acts on the **adrenal cortex**, stimulating the **secretion of glucocorticoids** like cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone
45
helps **regulate** blood nutrient levels and **responds** to stress
cortisol
46
- stimulates **milk production** (lactation) after childbirth
- has various effects on the reproductive system in both males and females
prolactin
47
- **Increases** gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and release of fatty acids from cells
- **increases** blood glucose levels
growth hormone
48
- Increases t**hyroid hormone secretion** (thyroxine and triiodothyronine).
thyroid-stimulating hormone
49
- **Increases melanin production** in melanocytes to make skin darker in color
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
50
- also known as **vasopressin**, is produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland
- binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules. This results in less water lost as urine
antidiuretic hormone
51
- a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland
- involved in **childbirth and lactation**
oxytocin
52
a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain stability and balance, or homeostasis, within a system
negative feedback
53
____ is when an excess of **one or more hormone** is secreted from a gland
hypersecretion
54
____ is when the amount of hormones that are released is **too low**
hyposecretion
55
caused by the **deficiency** of growth hormone
pituitary dwarf
56
If excess growth hormone is present before bones finish growing in length, **exaggerated bone growth** occurs
giantism
57
If excess hormone is secreted after growth in bone length is complete, growth continues in **bone diameter only**.
acromegaly
58
______ stimulates ovulation in females while stimulates interstitial cells of the testes
luteinizing hormone
59
s**timulates the development of follicles** in the ovaries and sperm cells in the testes
follicle-stimulating hormone
60
- production of a **large amount** of dilute urine
- an **uncommon problem** that causes the fluids in the body to become out of balance
diabetes insipidus
61
Increase **metabolic rates**, essential for normal process of growth and maturation
thyroid hormone
62
**elevated** rate of thyroid hormone secretion
hyperthyroidism
63
contains **four iodine atoms** and is abbreviated T4
thyroxine
64
contains **three iodine atoms** and is abbreviated T3
triiodothyronine
65
- Decreases rate of **bone breakdown**
- prevents large increase in blood Ca2+ levels following a meal
calcitonin
66
bones can become **soft, deformed, and easily fractured**
hyperparathyroidism
67
nerves and muscles become excitable and produce **spontaneous** action potentials
hypoparathyroidism
68
hormones of adrenal medulla
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
69
hormone of adrenal cortex
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
70
- Insignificant in males
- increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair
adrenal androgens
71
results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure
pheochromocytoma
72
a chronic condition in which your adrenal glands **don’t produce enough** of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone
addison's disease
73
disorder that occurs when your body has a **high level of the hormone cortisol**
cushing syndrome
74
Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
insulin
75
**Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose** into the circulatory system
glucagon
76
the body’s **inability to regulate blood glucose levels** within the normal range
diabetes mellitus
77
occurs when the level of glucose in your blood drops below what is healthy for you
hypoglycemia
78
Aids in sperm cell production, maintenance of functional reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics, sexual behavior
testes
79
Promotes immune system development and function
thymosin
80
Inhibits secretion of **gonadotropin-releasing hormone**, thereby inhibiting reproduction
melatonin
81
- secreted by the **right atrium** of the heart in response to elevated blood pressure
- inhibits **Na+ reabsorption** in the kidneys
atrial natriuretic hormone
82
- secreted by the **kidney** in response to reduced oxygen levels in the kidney
- acts on bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells
erythropoietin
83
secretes **human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone**, which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy
placenta
