Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
- internal frame of the bone
- body’s support structure
- allow body movements (joints)
A
skeletal system
2
Q
functions of skeletal system
A
- body support
- organ protection
- body movement
- mineral storage
- blood cell production
3
Q
- formed where two or more bones come together
- allow movement between bones
A
joints
4
Q
covers the ends of bones within some joints, allowing the bones to move freely
A
smooth cartilage
5
Q
allow some movement between bones but prevent excessive movements
A
ligaments
6
Q
- formation of blood cellular components
- occurs during embryonic development and throughout adulthood
A
hematopoiesis
7
Q
always contains collagen, ground substance and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals
A
bone matrix
8
Q
a tough, ropelike protein
A
collagen
9
Q
large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins
A
proteoglycans
10
Q
provides compressional strength
A
hydroxyapatite
11
Q
- Imperfect bone formation
- a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen
A
brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta)
12
Q
3 bone cells:
A
- osteoblast
- osteocytes
- osteoclast
13
Q
produce bone matrices and become osteocytes
A
osteoblast
14
Q
- mature bone cells found in lacunae
- produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix
A
osteocytes
15
Q
- break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts)
- bone destroying cells and results in bone resorption
A
osteoclast
16
Q
4 bone shapes
A
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
17
Q
longer than they are wide
A
long bones
18
Q
are approximately as wide as they are long
A
short bones
19
Q
have a relatively thin, flattened shape
A
flat bones
20
Q
have specialized functions, such as providing protection while allowing bending and flexing of certain body regions
A
irregular bones
21
Q
Has many spaces
A
spongy bone
22
Q
has more matrix and is denser, with fewer pores than spongy bone
A
compact bone
23
Q
the formation of bone by osteoblasts
A
ossification
24
Q
2 types of ossification
A
- Intramembranous ossification
- Endochondral ossification
25
bone formation that occurs **within connective tissue membranes**
intramembranous ossification
26
bone formation that occurs **inside hyaline cartilage**
endochondral ossification
27
occurs by the **deposition of new bone** lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue
bone growth
28
"As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, **the bone increases in width, or diameter"**
appositional growth
29
- bones are **constantly changing**
- removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
- responsible for changes in bone shape, the adjustment of bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation in the body fluids.
bone remodelling
30
process of bone formation
- hematoma formation
- callus formation
- callus ossification
- bone remodeling
31
classifications of bone fractures
- linear
- complete
- comminuted
- incomplete
- impacted
- transverse
- spiral
- oblique
32
maintained by three hormones:
- parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands
- vitamin D from the skin or diet,
- calcitonin from the thyroid gland.
calcium homeostasis
33
total number of bones in the average adult skeleton
206
34
depression in a bone
fossa
35
**rounded** projection on a bone
tubercle or tuberosity
36
**sharp** projection from a bone
process
37
**smooth, rounded end** of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone
condyle
38
- composed of the **skull**, the **vertebral column**, and the **thoracic cage**
- forms the longitudinal axis of the body
axial skeleton
39
total number of bones in the skull
22
40
- encloses the cranial cavity
- consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain
braincase (neurocranium)
41
- form the **structure of the face**
- consists of 14 bones
facial bone (viscerocranium)
42
the _____ and _____ form a large portion of the side of the head
- parietal bones
- temporal bones
43
a joint uniting bones of the skull
suture
44
- a large opening that is a prominent feature of the temporal bone
- a canal that **enables sound waves** to reach the eardrum
external auditory canal
45
4 major structures seen from the frontal view of the skull
- frontal bone
- zygomatic bones
- maxillae
- mandible
46
most prominent openings into the skull
- orbits (eye sockets)
- nasal cavity
47
cone-shaped fossae, so named because the eyes rotate within them
orbits
48
formed as the developing skull **conforms to the shape of the brain**
cranial fossae
49
located **in the occipital bone** near the center of the skull's base
foramen magnum
50
- an unpaired, U-shaped bone
- It is not part of the skull, and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.
hyoid bone
51
the central axis of the skeleton, extending **from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis**
vertebral column or spine
52
in adults, the vertebral column (spine) consists of ____ individual bones
26
53
the vertebral column is grouped into ____ regions
5
54
number of cervicalvertebrae in the vertebral column
7
55
number of thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column
12
56
number of lumbar vertebrae in the vertebral column
5
57
The weight-bearing portion of each vertebra
body
58
surrounds a large opening called the vertebral foramen
vertebral arch
59
encloses and protects the spinal cord and protects it from injury
vertebral canal
60
**protects the vital organs** within the thorax and **prevents the collapse of the thorax** during respiration
rib cage
61
12 pairs of ribs can be divided into:
- true ribs
- false ribs
62
divided into three parts:
- the manubrium
- the body (handle)
- the xiphoid (sword) process
sternum
63
- depression at the superior end of the sternum
- located between the ends of the clavicles where they articulate with the sternum
jugular notch
64
appendicular skeleton consists of the bones:
- pectoral girdle
- upper limb
- pelvic girdle
- lower limb
65
Consists of four bones:
- two scapulae
- two clavicles
pectoral girdle or shoulder figure
66
a flat, triangular bone
scapulae
67
also called as collarbone
clavicle
68
consists of:
- arm
- forearm
- wrist
- hand
upper limb
69
the region **between the shoulder and the elbow** which contains the humerus
arm
70
2 bones of the forearm
- ulna
- radius
71
- located **between the forearm and the hand**
- composed of 8 carpal bones
wrist
72
- attached to the carpal bones and from the bony framework of the hand
- consists of 5 metacarpal bones
hand
73
place **where the lower limbs attach to the body**
pelvic girdle
74
consists of:
- thigh
- leg
- ankle
- foot
lower limb
75
- region **between the hip and the knee**
- contains the femur
thigh
76
- Region **between the knee and the ankle**
- Contains two bones: Medial Tibia and Lateral Fibula
leg
77
Consists of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula forming a **partial socket** that articulates with the bone of the foot (talus)
ankle
78
consists of 7 tarsals
foot
79
3 primary arches in the foot
- anterior transverse arch
- medial longitudinal arch
- lateral longitudinal arch
80
commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that **join together**
joints (articulation)
81
classifications of joints acc to structure:
- fibrous joint
- cartilaginous joint
- synovial joint
82
- articulating surfaces of two bones **united by fibrous connective tissue**
- They have no joint cavity and exhibit **little or no movement**
fibrous joint
83
- unite two bones by means of **cartilage**
- **no movement**
cartilaginous joint
84
connecting cartilage can be:
- hyaline cartilage (synchondroses)
- fibrocartilage (symphyses)
85
**freely movable joints** that contain fluid cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones
synovial joint
86
types of synovial joint
- plane joints
- saddle joints
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
- ball-and-socket joints
- ellipsoid joints
87
consists of **two opposed flat surfaces** that glide over each other
plane joints
88
movement can occur in **two planes**
saddle joints
89
movement in **one plane** only
hinge joints
90
restrict movement to **rotating around** a single axis
pivot joints
91
allows a wide range of movement **in almost any direction**
ball-and-socket joints
92
movement is **limited** due to the shape of joints
ellipsoid joints
93
classification of joints acc to function:
- synarthroses
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthroses
94
non-movable joints
synarthroses
95
slightly movable joints
amphiarthrosis
96
freely movable joints
diarthroses
97
types of movement
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
- abduction
- pronation and supination
- eversion
- inversion
- rotation
- circumduction
- protraction
- retraction
- elevation
- depression
- excursion
- opposition
- reposition
98
A **bending movement** that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together
flexion
99
A **straightening movement** that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones
extension
100
*extension* of a joint **beyond 180 degrees**
hyperextension
101
Movement away from **medial or midsagittal plane**
abduction
102
**Unique rotation** of the forearm
pronation and supination
103
*turning the foot* so that the plantar surface faces **laterally**
eversion
104
*turning the foot* so that the plantar surface faces **medially**
inversion
105
**turning of a structure around its long axis**, as in shaking the head “no” as well as the rotation in our arms
rotation
106
Arm moves tracing a cone-like shape where the shoulder joint is at the cone’s apex
circumduction
107
glides **anteriorly**
protraction
108
glides **posteriorly**
retraction
109
Movement of a structure in a **superior** direction.
elevation
110
Movement of a structure in an **inferior** direction
depression
111
Movement of a structure to **one side**, as in moving the mandible from side to side
excursion
112
A movement unique to the **thumb and little finger**
* opposition
* reposition
