Chapter 22 Lymphatic System

Question 1

What tissue contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes?

Answer 1

Red bone marrow contains stem cells that develop into lymphocytes.

Question 2

Is lymph more similar to blood plasma or interstitial fluid? Why?

Answer 2

Lymph is more similar to interstitial fluid than to blood plasma because the protein content of lymph is low.

Question 3

Which lymphatic vessels empty into the cisterna chyli, and which duct receives lymph from the cisterna chyli?

Answer 3

The left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk empty into the cisterna chyli, which then drains into the thoracic duct.

Question 4

Does inhalation promote or hinder the flow of lymph?

Answer 4

Inhalation promotes the movement of lymph from abdominal lymphatic vessels toward the thoracic region because the pressure in the vessels of the thoracic region is lower than the pressure in the abdominal region when a person inhales.

Question 5

Which type of lymphocytes mature in the thymus?

Answer 5

T cells mature in the thymus.

Question 6

What happens to foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node?

Answer 6

Foreign substances in lymph that enter a lymph node may be phagocytized by macrophages or attacked by lymphocytes that mount immune responses.

Question 7

After birth, what are the main functions of the spleen?

Answer 7

White pulp of the spleen functions in immunity; red pulp of the speen performs functions related to blood cells.

Question 8

When do lymphatic tissues begin to develop?

Answer 8

Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of gestation.

Question 9

What chemicals are responsible for killing ingested microbes?

Answer 9

Lysozyme, digestive enzymes, and oxidants can kill microbes ingested during phagocytosis.

Question 10

What causes redness during inflammation?

Answer 10

Redness results from increased blood flow due to vasodilation.

Question 11

What causes pain during inflammation?

Answer 11

Pain results from injury of nerve fibers, irritation by microbial toxins, kinins, and prostaglandins, and pressure due to edema.

Question 12

What causes heat during inflammation?

Answer 12

Heat results from increased blood flow and heat released by locally increased metabolic reactions.

Question 13

What causes swelling during inflammation?

Answer 13

Swelling results from leakage of fluid from capillaries due to increased permeability.

Question 14

Which type of T cell participates in both cell-mediated and antibody mediated immune responses?

Answer 14

Helper T cells participate in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.

Question 15

What is the difference between an epitope and a hapten?

Answer 15

Epitopes are small immunogenic parts of a larger antigen; haptens are small molecules that become immunogenic only when they attach to a body protein.

Question 16

What types of cells are APCs, and where in the body are they found?

Answer 16

APCs include macrophages in tissues throughout the body, B cells in blood and lymphatic tissue, and dendritic cells in mucous membranes and the skin.

Question 17

What are some examples of endogenous antigens?

Answer 17

Endogenous antigens include viral proteins, toxins from intracellular bacteria, and abnormal proteins synthesized by a cancerous cell.

Question 18

What are the first and second signals in activation of a T cell?

Answer 18

The first signal in T cell activation is antigen binding to a TCR; the second signal is a costimulator, such as a cytokine or another pair of plasma membrane molecules.

Question 19

What is the function of the CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell?

Answer 19

The CD8 protein of a cytotoxic T cell binds to the MHC-I-molecule of an infected body cell to help anchor the T cell receptor (TCR)-antigen interaction so that antigen recognition can occur.

Question 20

In addition to cells infected by microbes, what other types of target cells are attacked by cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 20

Cytotoxic T cells attack some tumor cells and transplanted tissue cells, as well as cells infected by microbes.

Question 21

How many different kinds of antibodies will be secreted by the plasma cells in one clone?

Answer 21

Since all of the plasma cells are part of the same clone, they secrete just one kind of antibody.

Question 22

What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule?

Answer 22

The variable regions recognize and bind to a specific antigen.

Question 23

Which pathway for activation of complement involves antibodies? Explain why.

Answer 23

The classical pathway for the activation of complement is linked to antibody-mediated immunity because Ag-Ab complexes activate C1.

Question 24

How much more IgG is circulating in the blood in the secondary response than in the primary response?

Answer 24

At peak secretion, approximately 1000 times more IgG is produced in the secondary response than in the primary response.

Question 25

How does deletion differ from anergy?

Answer 25

In deletion, self-reactive T cells or B cells die; in anergy, T cells or B cells are alive but are unresponsive to antigenic stimulation.

Question 26

Which cells of the immune system are attacked by HIV?

Answer 26

HIV attacks helper T cells.

Question 27

What are the functions of the lymphatic and immune system?

Answer 27

Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses.

Question 28

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

Answer 28

Location

Question 29

Lack of resistance is also known as:

Answer 29

Susceptibility

Question 30

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?

Answer 30

Lipids

Question 31

What are the organs of the immune system?

Answer 31

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules.

Question 32

The left subclavian vein receives lymph from

Answer 32

Thoracic Duct

Question 33

The lymph from the right foot empties into the

Answer 33

Thoracic Duct

Question 34

The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in

Answer 34

Lymphatic, immune, and cardiovascular systems

Question 35

Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?

Answer 35

Thymus

Question 36

Which portion of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules.

Answer 36

Inner Cortex

Question 37

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 37

Immune functions, destruction of blood-borne pathogens, removal of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets, storage of platelets, and production of blood cells during fetal life.

Question 38

What are the physical factors in the first line of defense?

Answer 38

Epidermis of skin, mucous membranes, mucus, hairs, cilia, lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine, defecation, and vomiting.

Question 39

What are the chemical factors in the first line of defense?

Answer 39

Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice, and vaginal secretions.

Question 40

What makes up the second line of defense?

Answer 40

Antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.

Question 41

Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication (in uninfected cells)?

Answer 41

Interferons

Question 42

Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation?

Answer 42

Complement Proteins

Question 43

Which cell kills infected body cells and tumor cells?

Answer 43

Natural Killer Cells

Question 44

What are the signs of inflammation?

Answer 44

Heat, redness, swelling, and pain.

Question 45

What intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair?

Answer 45

Fever

Question 46

What induces vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site?

Answer 46

Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and complement.

Question 47

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being

Answer 47

Immunocompetent

Question 48

What induces the production of a specific antibody?

Answer 48

Antigen

Question 49

What stimulates an immune response ONLY when it is attached to a large carrier molecule?

Answer 49

Hapten

Question 50

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?

Answer 50

Antigen Presenting Cells

Question 51

To become activated, what requires being bound to a foreign antigen AND simultaneous costimulation?

Answer 51

T Cell

Question 52

Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens?

Answer 52

Helper T Cells

Question 53

Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?

Answer 53

IgA

Question 54

Which action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Answer 54

Opsonization

Question 55

The inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen causes

Answer 55

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Question 56

An acute allergic response can lead to:

Answer 56

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 57

Natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to:

Answer 57

Active Immunity

Question 58

The primary response will peak how many days after an exposure?

Answer 58

10-17

Question 59

Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader?

Answer 59

Nonspecific

Question 60

The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called

Answer 60

Reactivity

Question 61

What is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions?

Answer 61

Cytokine

Question 62

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from intravenous injection of immunoglobulins?

Answer 62

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 63

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast feeding?

Answer 63

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 64

Which cells increase the permeability of blood vessels by releasing histamine?

Answer 64

Mast Cells

Question 65

Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer?

Answer 65

IgM

Question 66

Antigens that induce an allergic reaction are called

Answer 66

Allergen

Question 67

Which cell is considered to be the most important cell in the immune system?

Answer 67

T Helper Cells

Question 68

The thymus develops from the

Answer 68

Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Question 69

What negatively affects the immune system?

Answer 69

Smoking, lack of sleep, sedentary lifestyle, and stress.

Question 70

True or False: Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from connective tissues.

Answer 70

True

Question 71

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

Answer 71

Disulfide

Question 72

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in which regions?

Answer 72

Near the mammary glands and in the axillae and groin.

Question 73

True or False: The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

Answer 73

True

Question 74

True or False: The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lumbar trunks draining the upper limbs and from the intestinal trunk draining the digestive organs.

Answer 74

False

Question 75

What are the digestive-tract associated lymphatic tissues?

Answer 75

Peyer's patches, appendix, and tonsils.

Question 76

Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________.

Answer 76

Skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement

Question 77

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.

Answer 77

Lymph Nodes

Question 78

True or False: NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Answer 78

False

Question 79

Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?

Answer 79

Lymphocytes

Question 80

What is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Answer 80

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing

Question 81

True or False: When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.

Answer 81

true

Question 82

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?

Answer 82

Antigen

Question 83

The thymus is most active during ________.

Answer 83

Childhood

Question 84

The primary immune response has a large lag due to what?

Answer 84

While B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells.

Question 85

Lymph capillaries are absent in which tissues?

Answer 85

Avascular tissues (cartilage, epidermis, cornea of the eye), the central nervous system, portions of the spleen, and red bone marrow.

Question 86

True or False: The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

True or False: Antigens only come from microbes.

Answer 87

False

Question 88

True or False: Type II Diabetes is an autoimmune disease.

Answer 88

False

Question 89

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Answer 89

Right Lymphatic Duct

Question 90

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

Answer 90

Physical factors, chemical factors, antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.

Question 91

What do interferons do?

Answer 91

Interfere with viral replication within cells

Question 92

A sentinel node is ________.

Answer 92

The first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous

Question 93

True or False: Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.

Answer 93

True

Question 94

True or False: Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.

Answer 94

true

Question 95

True or False: Tolerance is developed during fetal life.

Answer 95

true

Question 96

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.

Answer 96

Plasma Cells

Question 97

True or False: Isografts are between identical twins.

Answer 97

true

Question 98

What do helper T cells do?

Answer 98

Function in the adaptive immune system activation

Question 99

True or False: The adaptive immune system is specific for a given organ.

Answer 99

False