chapter 24 Flashcards
1
Q
What was Dona Maria’s mother tongue?
A
Nahuatl (the principal language of the Aztec empire)
1
Q
What was Dona Maria’s original name?
A
Malintzin
2
Q
What languages was Dona Maria able to communicate in that enabled Hernan Cortes and his Spanish soldier to serve their linguistic and diplomatic services?
A
Spanish, Maya, Nahuatl
3
Q
What other name did Dona Maria earn because of her role in aiding Hernan Cortes’s invasion of the Aztec empire?
A
La Malinche, or the traitor
- betrayed her people by collaborating with the Spanish
4
Q
How did Dona Maria die?
A
After giving birth to her daughter, sometime around 1527
5
Q
What two aspects of indigenous societies were Europeans able to exploit in their arrival in the Americas?
A
divisions between indigenous peoples and the effects of epidemic diseases that devastated native societies
6
Q
Where was the first site of interaction between European and American peoples?
A
The Caribbean (where the Spanish arrived)
7
Q
What indigenous group was most prominent in the region when Spanish mariners arrived in the Caribbean?
A
the Taíno (AKA Arawaks)
8
Q
From where did the Taíno’s ancestors come from?
A
Sailed in canoes from the Orinoco River valley in South America to the Caribbean islands
9
Q
Where did Christopher Columbus and his immediate followers make the base of Spanish operations in the Caribbean?
A
Hispaniola
10
Q
What fort did Spanish settlers establish on the island of Hispaniola (which eventually became the capital of the Spanish Caribbean)?
A
Santo Domingo
11
Q
Without the silks or spices that they’d originally anticipated from the Caribbean, what did the Spanish settlers resort to as their means of making a living?
A
Gold mining
12
Q
Recruitment of labor from the ranks of the Taíno (since the Spanish were too few in number to mine gold) came through an institution called what?
A
the “encomienda”, which gave Spanish “encomenderos” (“settlers”) the right to compel the Taíno to work in their mines or fields
13
Q
In return for labor, what did the encomenderos provide for their workers?
A
Assumed responsibility to look after their workers’ health and welfare, encouraged conversion to Christianity
14
Q
What was the effect of the Spanish’s conscripted labor of the Taíno?
A
Encomenderos didn’t treat Taíno well, severely punished if they didn’t meet quota, Taíno occasionally organized rebellions, but no match against Spanish weapons
- social disruption and physical abuse brought decline to Taíno populations
15
Q
What epidemic disease broke out after 1518 and hastened the decline of indigenous populations like the Taíno especially in the Caribbean?
A
smallpox
16
Q
What Taíno cultural elements survived after being devastated by smallpox epidemics?
A
“canoe”, “hammock”, “hurricane”, “barbecue”, “maize”, and “tobacco” (all deriving from Taíno words)
17
Q
Why did the Spanish eventually leave the Caribbean behind?
A
When they located rich sources of silver in Mexico and Peru, the Caribbean became the backwater of the Spanish empire
18
Q
In the 1640s, French, English, and Dutch settlers flocked to the Caribbean with what intention?
A
To establish plantations
19
Q
While the Caribbean islands lacked precious metals, they offered ideal conditions for…?
A
Cultivation of cash crops, particularly sugar, and later tobacco
20
Q
What does “conquistadores” translate to?
A
“conquerors”
21
Q
Between 1532 and 1533 who, alongside his followers, toppled the Inca empire in Peru?
A
Francisco Pizarro
22
Q
Who was the last Aztec emperor?
A
Cuauhtémoc, the last nephew and son-in-law of Motecuzoma II
23
Q
In search for gold in the American mainland, Hernán Cortés made his way from _______ on the Gulf coast to the island city of ________, the Aztec capital.
A
Veracruz; Tenochtitlan
24
In 1521, Cortés...and tortured Cuauhtémoc before executing him in 1525
starved the city of Tenochtitlan into surrender
25
What advantages did Cortés's Spanish army have over the Aztecs?
Their advanced weaponry, divisions amongst indigenous peoples of Mexico, the aid of Dona Maria (who helped forge alliances with people who resented domination by the Mexica), native allies, smallpox epidemics
26
How large was Francisco Pizarro's force (how many soldiers)?
about 600
27
What major dispute were Pizarro's forces able to take advantage of upon their arrival in Peru (to wreak havoc on the Inca empire)?
two brothers from the Inca ruling house, Huascar and Atahualpa disputed
28
What do historians believe help explain how Francisco Pizarro's tiny force was able to topple the Inca empire?
1. Many subjects of the Inca empire despised the Incas (for tax collection) and put up little resistance to Pizarro's forces
2. Smallpox had already taken a heavy toll on Andean populations, even before Pizarro's arrival
3. Pizarro faced more threats from Spanish interlopers than from native peoples
29
By 1533, what had Francisco Pizarro's forces accomplished?
Took over the Inca capital at Cuzco
30
What did the Spanish call Mexico (one of their two centers of authority in the Americas)?
New Spain
31
What did the Spanish call Peru (one of their two main centers of authority in the Americas)?
New Castile
32
Who governed the Spanish's two main centers of authority in the Americas (Mexico and Peru)?
a viceroy, who was responsible to the king of Spain
33
What was the capital of Mexico?
Mexico City (built on top of Tenochtitlan)
34
What was the capital of Peru?
Lima (originally hoped to make Cuzco the capital, but location with elevation was unideal, moved to Lima where it was accessible to Spanish shipping)
35
Who were the viceroys?
king's representatives in the Americas, wielded considerable power
36
How did the kings of Spain ensure their viceroys would not build personal power bases and become independent?
Subjected them to the review of courts known as "audiencias" staffed by university-educated lawyers
37
What did the audiencias do?
- heard appeals against viceroys' decisions and policies
- had the right to address their concerns directly to the Spanish king
- conducted reviews of viceroys' performance at the end of their terms
38
How did Spanish administration in the Americas look like? Why was it more ragged?
- transportation and communication difficulties limited the ability of viceroys to supervise their territories
- local administration fell to audiencias or town councils
- took long time for Spanish monarchy to respond to American affairs, usually unproductive communication/orders
- viceroys found ways to procrastinate instituting kings' orders
39
What is a viceroyalty (from Google because the textbook is so helpful!)?
entity, territory, jurisdiction headed by a viceroy (well that was obvious)
40
Why did Spanish rule prompt the establishment of cities?
- whilst income was derived from agricultural production, colonists preferred to live in cities
- territory expanded under Spanish rule, Spanish imperial authority built dense network of bureaucratic control based in recently founded cities
41
From where did administrators in Lima oversee affairs?
Panama, Concepción, and Buenos Aires
42
In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed what treaty that divided the world along an imaginary north-south line 370 leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands?
the Treaty of Tordesillas
43
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas assert?
Spain could claim any land west of that north-south line, so long as it was not already under Christian rule, and Portugal gained the same rights for lands east of the line
44
With the Treaty of Tordesillas, where was Portugal permitted to establish territory?
Along the northeastern part of the South American continent, Brazil
45
How did Portuguese interest in Brazil increase?
Entrepreneurs establishing of profitable sugar plantations on the coast
46
Who was a Portuguese mariner who stopped briefly in Brazil en route to India, only to not display much interest in the land in 1500?
Pedro Alvares de Cabral
47
What were some defining characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese cities in the Americas?
- churches and cathedrals
- portuguese and spanish = languages of government, business, and society
- indigenous life persisted beyond urban districts
48
What indigenous languages still flourish throughout much of Latin America?
Nahuatl in Mexico, K'iché in Guatemala, Guraní in Paraguay, and Quechua in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia
49
Where did French settlers establish colonies in 1604 and 1608?
Port Royal (Nova Scotia) and Quebec
50
What colonies did English migrants found in 1607 and 1630?
Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony
51
New York was originally a ________ settlement before it was seized by the English and rechristened New York
Dutch (it was called New Amsterdam before)
52
English settlers primarily established colonies along the ______ ______ of the present-day United States of America
east coast
53
What was life like in the early European settlements in North America?
- relied heavily on provisions sent from Europe
- did not expect to cultivate food crops, hoped to sustain communities by producing valuable commodities
54
Who played larger roles in funding French and English colonial efforts?
private investors, able to retain much more control over their colonies' affairs than their Iberian counterparts
55
Although English colonies were always subject to royal authority, what else did they do to govern their colonies?
Maintained their own assemblies and influenced the choice of royal governors (no viceroys or audiencias in North American colonies)
56
How did the indigenous peoples of North America live differently than the large centralized states of the Aztec and Inca empires?
- didn't live in densely populated societies
- many practiced agriculture, but most relied on hunting
- moved their villages in pursuit of game
- didn't claim ownership of bounded territories, regularly migrated between well-defined regions
57
What were some languages spoken amongst indigenous peoples of North America?
Algonquian, Iroquois, or Lakota
58
About how many European migrants moved to North America during the 17th century?
150,000, including French, German, Dutch, and Irish migrants
59
How did European settlement affect the lives of indigenous peoples?
staked out farms and excluded the indigenous peoples who frequently visited the lands during the course of their migrations--took the fertile farmland
60
How did European migrants justify their claims to American lands?
- negotiating treaties with the peoples whose lands they colonized
- said that they made productive use of the land, whereas native peoples merely used it as a hunting park
61
A combination of what forces reduced indigenous population of North America in early modern times?
Epidemic disease and violent conflict
62
How did conflicts between French and English settlers and indigenous peoples differ from the campaigns of conquest carried out by the conquistadores in Mexico and Peru?
English settlers negotiated rights to American lands by treaty, but native peoples did not appreciate the fine points of English law
63
Between 1600 and 1800, about how many English, French, German, Dutch, Irish, and Scottish migrants crossed the Atlantic and sought to displace native peoples as they pursued economic opportunities?
one million
64
Relations between individuals of what ancestry soon led to the emergence of mestizo populations?
American, European, and African ancestry
65
Migrants to the Iberian colonies were overwhelmingly what gender?
Men
66
What percent of Spanish migrants were men?
85 percent of
67
Why did Spanish and Portuguese migrants increasing enter into relationships with indigenous women, giving rise to a mestizo society?
There were small numbers of European women who migrated to the Americas--mostly men who migrated from Europe
68
What does "mestizo" translate to?
"mixed"
69
"Mestizos" refers to peoples of what parentage?
Spanish and native parentage
70
Women were more prominent among the migrants to ______ than to Mexico.
Peru
71
While most Spanish migrants married among themselves in colonial cities, where did Spanish men more commonly associate with indigenous women?
In less settled regions
72
"Mulattoes" refers to peoples of what parentage?
Portuguese and African parents
73
"Zambos" refers to peoples of what parentage?
Indigenous and African parents
74
Marriages between members of different racial and ethnic communities became common in colonial ______ and generated a society even more thoroughly mixed than that of mestizo Mexico.
Brazil
75
Who was at the top of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies' social hierarchy?
"peninsulares", migrants born in Europe
76
Who were below the peninsulares in Spanish and Portuguese colonies' social hierarchy?
"criollos" or "creoles", those born in the Americas of Iberian parents
77
Mulattoes, zambos, and others of mixed parentage soon became prominent groups in Brazilian society, although they were usually subordinate to.....?
European migrants, Euro-American creoles, and even mestizos
78
Who stood at the bottom of Spanish and Portuguese colonies' social hierarchy?
Imported slaves and conquered peoples
79
Aside from race and ethnicity, what other defining factor determined the privilege one had in Spanish and Portuguese America?
sexual hierarchy
80
Summarize the social hierarchy of Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
(from the top) peninsulares, criollos, mestizos, multtoes and zambos (those of mixed parentage), imported slaves and conquered peoples
81
Only when it came to what did Spanish and Portugeuese colonial society ignore gender?
Punishing slaves
82
What was the life of women in the American Spanish and Portuguese colonies like?
lived in a patriarchal world that privileged men, men occupied positions of power and delineated the boundaries of acceptable female behavior
83
Commonly, what aspects of a given Spanish or Portuguese colonial community enhanced or limited women's choices?
- Ratio of men to women
- degree of prosperity and nature of the local economy
- race and class (women of European descent typically more positions of power, women of color made up lower class)
84
The most disadvantaged women in Iberian colonial societies consisted of what groups?
black, mulatta, and zamba slaves
85
How were the lives of women in French and English colonies different than that of the Iberian colonies?
- more numerous among the French and especially the English migrants than in Spanish and Portuguese communities
- settlers mostly married within their own groups
- French fur traders often associated with native women while in French colonial cities, liaisons between French and native peoples= less common
86
Mingling between peoples of different ancestry was least common in what colonies?
The English colonies of North America
- fueled virulent racism as English settlers attempted to maintain sharp boundaries between themselves and peoples of American and African ancestry
87
What cultural elements did English settlers adopt from American peoples?
- learned about American plants and animals
- adopted moccasins and deerskin clothes
- gave up European military customs of marching in massed ranks and announcing presence with drums and flying colors
88
What cultural elements did English settlers adopt from their African slaves?
borrowed African food crops and techniques for cultivation of rice
89
From the Spanish perspective, the greatest attractions of the Americas were what?
precious metals, which drew thousands of migrants from all levels of Spanish society
90
Which precious metal outweighed all others in quantity and value in Spain's American enterprise focused on its extraction?
Silver
91
What two areas was silver production concentrated?
1. thinly populated Mexican north (particularly Zacatecas)
2. high, cold central Andes (particularly rich mines of Potosí
92
What were the consequences of indigenous laborers working in the colonial mines?
- many went to mines voluntarily as their home villages experienced the pressures of conquest and disease
- became professional miners, spoke Spanish, and lost touch with the communities of their birth
93
What were regions of peoples with mixed races and ethnicities in French colonies called?
métis = "mixed"
94
What system of drafting labor did Spanish administrators adopt to recruit workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept?
the mita system
95
What did Spanish authorities do under the mita system to recruit workers?
- annually required each native village to send one-seventh of its male population to work for four months in the mines at Potosí
- draft laborers received payment, but wages very low and conditions extremely harsh
96
What was the result of the use of the mita system to recruit indigenous workers?
- death rates of draft laborers were high, many native men sought to evade obligations by fleeing to cities or hiding in distant villages
- mita system touched large portion of the indigenous population and influenced settlement patterns throughout Andean region
97
Draft laborers represented what percent of the workforce at Potosí?
10 percent, yet had devastating implications on indigenous populations
98
What Spanish silver mine adopted the Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor, the mita system, to recruit workers?
Potosí
99
Silver mined by the Spanish colonies in the Americas produced profits for who?
private investors and for the crown
100
The Spanish government reserved what portion of silver production for itself?
one-fifth
101
What was the one-fifth share that the Spanish government reserved for themselves from silver production known as?
the "quinto"
102
American silver helped finance Spanish kings and their powerful armies and bureaucracy, but made its way across the Atlantic to where?
- silk, spices, and porcelain in Asian markets
- Philippines in the Manila galleons from west coast of Mexico
103
By the seventeenth century, the most prominent site of agricultural and craft production in Spanish America was the estate or ________?
Hacienda
104
What did the hacienda do?
produced food stuffs for its own use as well as for sale to local markets in nearby mining districts, towns and cities
105
The products of the hacienda were mostly of _______ origin.
European
106
How did the success of mining industries in Spanish America contribute to the rise of other industries like farming, stock raising, and craft production?
created opportunities for cultivators, herders, and artisans to provision mining towns with food, wine, textiles, tools, furniture, and craft items via estates like haciendas
107
Who made up the major source of labor for the haciendas?
the indigenous population
108
From what era did the "encomienda" system develop?
Originally developed in Spain during the era of the Reconquista, later used to organize native workforces in Spanish America
109
How did the "encomienda" system work?
- rewarded Spanish conquerors by allowing them to exact both labor and tribute from defeated Moorish populations
- all the while requiring "encomenderos" to look after the physical and spiritual welfare of their workers
110
How did Spanish landowners begin to abuse the encomienda system?
- overworked laborers and skimped on their maintenance
- increasingly required their subject populations to provide tribute but not labor
111
As the encomienda system dissipated, what alternate system did Spanish landowners resort to?
system of debt peonage to recruit labor for haciendas
112
How did the system of debt peonage work?
- landowners advanced loans to native peoples so that they could buy seeds, tools, and supplies
- debtors repaid loans with labor, but wages so low that they couldn't pay off debts
113
How did landowners obtain a captive labor force to work on their estates through the debt peonage system (paying off debt with labor)?
legal restrictions prevented debtors from fleeing and escaping their obligations
114
What did resistance from indigenous peoples to Spanish regimes look like?
rebellion, halfhearted work, and retreat into the mountains or forests where Spanish power didn't reach
115
Who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?
a native shaman named Popé
116
What did rebels do during the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?
attacked missions, killed priests and colonists, drove Spanish settlers out of the region for twelve years
117
What indigenous rebellion raged through Peru in 1780?
Túpac Amaru rebellion
118
What happened during the Túpac Amaru rebellion?
- force of about sixty thousand native peoples revolted in the name of Túpac Amaru, last of Inca rulers who was beheaded by Spanish conquistadores in 1572
- raged for almost two years before being suppressed by Spanish forces
119
Who was a native of Peru who sent a 1,200-page letter and 400 hand-drawn illustrations to King Philip III of Spain asking for protection for native peoples against colonists in 1615?
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
120
Where did Felipe Guaman's letter and illustrations sent to the Spanish king end up?
In Denmark, where it remained unknown in a library
121
What was the significance of Felipe Guaman Poma's complaint?
- serves as a record of grievances against Spanish overlords
- warned the king that peoples of Peru were dying fast because of disease and abuse and if King Philip III wanted anything to remain of his Andean empire, he should protect the indigenous peoples
122
Whereas the Spanish American empire concentrated on the extraction of silver, the Portuguese empire in Brazil depended on the production and export of what?
Sugar
123
Whom did Portuguese nobles and entrepreneurs rely on for labor in their sugar plantations?
African slaves
124
Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, known as what?
"engenho" (related to the English word "engine") referred only to the mill itself, but came to represent a complex of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills related to sugar production
125
Engenhos always combined _______ and _______ enterprises as sugarcane required extensive processing before profitable export.
agricultural; industrial
126
Why were engenhos among the most complex business enterprises in the Americas?
- depended both on heavy labor for planting and harvesting of cane
- and on specialized skills of individuals who understood intricacies of sugar-making process
127
Who made up the privileged class of Portuguese colonies?
sugar planters and owners of sugar mills exercised political, social, and economic power
- so long as they contributed to government's revenues, usually had strong royal support
- operated on small profit margins
128
Were the Portuguese successful in their recruitment of labor from the ranks of indigenous peoples in Brazil?
No; peoples of Brazil were not sedentary cultivators and often resisted efforts to commander their labor, escaped captors who attempted to force them into servitude
- smallpox and measles ravaged indigenous populations, making potential laborers scarce in the area
129
In Brazil, the number of deaths in the slave population usually _________ the number of births, so there was a constant demand for more slaves.
exceeded
130
Around what time did the Portuguese begin importing slaves?
1530s, and began to rely largely on African labor in 1580s
131
Government officials mostly left matters of labor management to who?
Slave owners
132
What did slave owners believe made their investments in slave labor worthwhile?
balance of sugar production dictated practices that paid scant attention to the preservation of slaves' lives, as long as the owners realized profits
- as long as they realized their profits and their slaves lived a descent length of time, they had little economic incentive to improve conditions for slaves or increase their birth rates
133
The business of producing Brazilian sugar was so brutal that every ton of sugar cost....?
one human life
134
Through what bodies of water did European mariners get access to rich fur-producing regions?
The Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay
135
How did the fur trade generate tremendous conflict?
American beaver populations declined rapidly and forced trappers to push farther inland, as hunting grounds became depleted, native peoples fought against hunters
136
Who fought in the Beaver Wars of the 17th century?
Iroquois and Hurons--Iroquois sought to expand their hunting grounds at the expense of the Hurons and others, thus monopolizing fur trade with Europeans
137
How did fur trade cause competition amongst European states?
indigenous peoples became embroiled in their patrons' rivalries
138
How did European settler-cultivators pose an even more serious challenge to native ways of life than the fur traders?
displaced indigenous peoples form the land, turning hunting grounds to plantations
139
In the English colonies of Virginia and Carolina, settlers concentrated on the cultivation of what cash crop?
tobacco
140
How did tobacco become integrated into European society?
- observed from use among indigenous peoples who used it for ritual, medicinal, and social purposes
- physicians promoted their miraculous healing powers
- many users used tobacco for social purposes and for pleasure
141
What was nicotine named after?
Jean Nicot, French diplomat who introduced tobacco use to Paris in 1560
142
What contributed to the increasing prominence of American plantations?
demand from Europe for cash crops like tobacco, indigo, rice, and cotton, which they increasingly consumed
143
How did planters in the Americas initially meet the demand for cheap labor?
recruited indentured servants (chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals) from Europe
- exchanged working lives for passage across the Atlantic to start a new life
144
Slave labor was not prominent in the _________ colonies because the land and climate were not suitable for the cultivation of labor-intensive cash crops
northern
145
How did the economies of northern colonies still profit from slavery, despite not utilizing slave labor?
New England merchants traded slaves destined for the West Indies
- economies benefitted from the building and outfitting of slave vessels
- seaports became profitable centers for distillation of rum (which relied on slave-produced sugar)
146
Southern plantation societies became most directly identified with a system of ______ ______, North American colonies participated in and profited from _______ ______.
slave labor; slave trade
147
What convinced the Spanish crown of the need to convert non-Christians to Christianity?
centuries of warfare against Muslims
148
What missionaries campaigned to Christianize indigenous peoples?
Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit, and other missionaries
149
Who was a Franciscan missionary renowned for his preservation of volumes of information about the language, customs, beliefs, literature, and history of Mexico before the arrival of Spanish forces?
Bernardino de Sahagún
150
What was the paramount concern for indigenous peoples in regards to the spread of Christianity by Spanish missionaries?
Not so much concerned about adoption of a new religion, but the Christian demand to halt the practices of pre-conquest religions
151
Why did many native leaders conclude that their gods had abandoned them, and look to missionaries for spiritual guidance?
conquest and epidemic disease
152
What did native peoples do when they adopted Christianity?
Blended their own interests and traditions with the faith
- ex: learned of Roman Catholic saints, revered saints with qualities like those of their inherited gods
153
Which saint became the national symbol of mestizo society after the mid-17th century?
the Virgin of Guadalupe
154
What did the Virgin of Guadalupe come to symbolize?
with her darker indigenous complexion, came to symbolize distinct Mexican faith and promise of salvation
- powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism
155
Why was the popularity of the Virgin of Guadalupe imporatnt?
ensured not only that Roman Catholic Christianity would dominate cultural and religious matters in Mexico, but also that Mexican religious faith would retain strong indigenous influence
156
Why did French and English missionaries not attract as many converts to Christianity in North America compared to their Spanish counterparts?
- French and English colonists ruled over conquered populations of non-sedentary cultivators
- English colonists displayed little interest in converting indigenous peoples to Protestantism, but French missionaries had more modest success in spreading Christianity
157
Where did European mariners establish permanent settlements in the Pacific islands?
Guam and Mariana Islands
158
What did European geographers refer to the world's southern hemisphere as?
"terra australis incognita" ("unknown southern land")
159
______ sailors made the first recorded European sighting of the southern continent in 1606.
Dutch
160
When the Dutch VOC authorized exploratory voyages to Australia, what did they find/think of the landscape?
dry landscapes discouraged further efforts
161
What did Europeans refer to the Australia as throughout the 17th century, as a result of Dutch explorers being so active in the region?
"New Holland"
162
No Dutch nor any other European seamen visited the eastern coast of Australia until who approached Australia from the southeast in 1770?
James Cook
163
Without what did European mariners make no effort to establish permanent settlements in Australia?
tempting trading opportunites
164
Exploratory voyages of the ______ and _______ centuries led to fleeting encounters with Australian aboriginal peoples, but only in the ____ and____ centuries did a continuing stream of European migrants and settlers link Australia more directly to the larger world?
17th and 18th; 19th and 20th
165
In 1521 _________ _________ and his crew became the first Europeans to cross the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan
166
Who dominated the Marianas island group?
Guam
167
For more than a century, Manila galleons took on fresh provisions and engaged in mostly peaceful trade with the indigenous __________ people.
Chamorro
168
What happened when the Spanish tried to impose their rule on the Chamorro people?
Chamorro stoutly opposed, but smallpox epidemics severely reduced their numbers
- by the 17th century, Spanish forces had established garrisons throughout the Mariana Islands
- relocated surviving Chamorro into communities supervised by Spanish authorities
169
What were interactions between indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands and Europeans like?
Fleeting encounters, but by late 18th cent. increased interactions due to trade interests
170
What were James Cook and his crew's relationship with the Hawaiians like?
Most got along well with the Hawaiians, second time he visited they were less accommodating, disputes over thefts led to bitter conflict between them
171
Why were James Cook's travels to the Pacific waters significant?
Influenced further Europeans to venture into Pacific waters in large numbers, followed by missionaries, merchants, and planters, bringing rapid and often unsettling change to Pacific island societies
