chapter 34 Flashcards
an age of anxiety
1
Q
Where did Adolf Hitler pursue his ambitions as an artist/what school (only to be rejected as an art student in 1907)?
A
Vienna Academy of Fine Arts
2
Q
Hitler especially enjoyed the music of whom because his music matched his own imaginative predilections?
A
Richard Wagner
3
Q
Where did Hitler’s views towards society, Jews, and Marxists begin to be shaped?
A
a homeless shelter, where he stayed after running through all of his money (mostly inheritance from his mother who past away)
4
Q
What did Hitler’s father Alois want his son to pursue?
A
expected him to follow in his footsteps, study hard and enter the Austrian civil service
- Hitler had no desire to become a bureaucrat
5
Q
Brewing in the conservations had amongst other inhabitants of the homeless shelter, Hitler came to hate _____ and _______, whom he thought had formed an evil union with the goal of destroying the world.
A
Jews; Marxists
6
Q
Hitler also despised _________ and _________, and in cheap cafes he began directing political lectures at anyone who would listen.
A
liberalism; democracy
7
Q
How did Hitler get by financially in order for his political and social life to become much more exciting?
A
his artwork: selling mundane postcards covered with painted replicas of famous works, or his original sketches of Viennese buildings
8
Q
Why did Hitler leave Vienna in 1913? Where did he go?
A
wanted to avoid the Austrian military draft, not willing to serve or die for what he believed was a decaying Austria-Hungary empire
- found refuge in Munich, Germany
9
Q
What did Hitler do in Germany when he found refuge there? How did these experiences shape his views, and ultimately what he viewed would be his mission in life?
A
volunteered for service in the German army, discovered real talent for military service, remained in army for duration of WWI
- rage coursed through him when he learned of Germany’s defeat, knew that Jews were responsible for this humiliation
10
Q
It was in the _____ decades following the war that a revolution in science, psychology, art, and architecture attained its fullest development and potency.
A
two
11
Q
Who gave the label of “you are all a lost generation” to the group of American intellectuals and literati who congregated in Paris in the postwar years that expressed the malaise and disillusion that characterized the US and European thought after the Great War?
A
Gertrude Stein (1874-1946)
12
Q
Who wrote the war novel “A Farewell to Arms” (1929)?
A
Ernest Hemingway
13
Q
Who wrote the war novel “All Quiet on the Western Front” (1929)?
A
Erich Maria Remarque
14
Q
Who was a German schoolteacher that published “The Decline of the West” that proposed gloomy predictions of European society entering the final stage of its existence?
A
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936)
- offered a kind of comfort to those who sought to rationalize their postwar despair
15
Q
Who was a historian inspired to write a twelve-volume classic that discovered how societies developed through time (“A Study of History”)?
A
Arnold J. Toynbee
16
Q
In what work did notable Christian theologian Karl Barth publish a work that attacked the liberal Christian theology that embraced the idea of progress?
A
“Epistle to the Romans”
17
Q
Who was a Russian orthodox thinker that said that “Man’s historical experience has been one of steady failure, and there are no grounds for supposing it will ever be anything else”?
A
Niokolai Berdiaev
18
Q
Why did the idol of science come under attack during and after the Great War?
A
scientists had spent the war making poisonous gas and high explosives
- contrasted with their vision to leading humanity to a beneficial conquest of nature
19
Q
Why was democracy another fallen idol because of the Great War?
A
Great War encouraged suffrage of women, and increasing numbers of people participated in politics, but democracy viewed as a weak political system that championed the tyranny of the average person
AKA became less about the people having the power to vote, and more about the idea of allowing one AVERAGE person rather than ELITE to be in power, even if this person was elected by the majority
20
Q
Common people, too, often viewed democracy as a ________ political system because they associated it with _______ and ________ party politics.
A
decaying; corrupt; ineffective
21
Q
Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset warned readers about the masses who were destined to destroy the highest achievements of Western society in what essay?
A
“Revolt of the Masses” (1930)
22
Q
Who was a physicist whose theory of special relativity showed that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe?
A
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
23
Q
According to Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity, it no longer made sense to speak of what two things as absolutes, because the measurement of those two categories always varies with the motion of the observer.
A
space and time
= space and time are relative to the motion of the observer
24
Q
Following the Great War, and science seeming to reach the limits of what could be known, a commonsense universe had ________, to be replaced by a radically new one in which reality or truth was merely a set of ________ constructs.
A
vanished; mental
25
Who published a paper, "About the Quantum-Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships" which established the uncertainty principle?
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)
26
What did Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle say about observing the behavior of electrons objectively?
- impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle
- scientists cannot observe the behavior of electrons objectively because the act of observation interferes with them
27
Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty theory carried broader philosophical ramifications in that it called into question established notions of ______ and violated the fundamental law of _____ and ______.
truth; cause; effect
28
Why was objectivity no longer a valid concept?
it came to be understood that the observer was always part of the process under observation
29
Who was a medical doctor from Vienna who embarked on research that focused on psychological rather than physiological explanations for mental disorders?
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
30
What did Sigmund Freud believe was the key to the deepest recesses of the human psyche?
dreams!!
31
What was the name of Sigmund Freud's theory that provided the keys to understanding all human behavior?
psychoanalysis
32
Between 1916 and 1920, the disillusioned artists of the ______ movement in Zurich, Paris, and New York used any available forum to spit metaphorically on nationalism, materialism, and rationalism, which they felt had contributed to a senseless war.
Dada
33
What was a distinctive characteristic of Dada artists/what was their view on standards of art?
they consistently rejected prevailing standards of art and declared an all-out assault on the unquestioning conformity of culture and thought
- imagined themselves to be non-artists who created non-art
34
What German art movement of the 1920s was characterized by a realistic style of painting that reflected a very cynical and highly critical attitude toward war?
Neue Sachlichkeit (no-yuh ZACH-kleekh-kite) ("New Objectivity")
35
Who along with George Grosz is widely considered one of the most important artists of the Neue Sachlichkeit movement with his merciless and bitterly realistic depictions of society in the aftermath of war?
Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (1891-1969)
36
Regardless of whether they called themselves dadaists, surrealists, cubists, or abstractionists, artists generally agreed on a program "to abolish the _________ of ________"
sovereignty; appearance
- paintings no longer depicted recognizable objects from everyday world, beauty expressed in pure color or shape
- violent distortion of forms use of explosive colors
- generally accepted standards that distinguished "good" and "bad" art disappeared
37
How was postwar art influenced by Freudian psychology?
tried to tap the subconscious mind to communicate an inner vision or a dream
38
The economic recovery and well-being of Europe was tied to a tangled financial system that involved war debts among the [an alliance] , reparations paid by [European nation] and [European nation], and the flow of [nation] funds to Europe.
Allies; Germany; Austria; U.S.
39
Whom did Austria and Germany rely on loans and investment capital from to finance reparation payments to France and England?
the U.S.
40
French and British governments depended on reparation payments from what two nations to pay off loans taken out in the United States during the Great War?
Germany and Austria
41
By the summer of 1928, U.S. lenders and investors started to _______ capital from Europe, placing an intolerable strain on the financial system.
withdraw
42
What did improvements in industrial processes do to the economies of the Dutch East Indies, Ceylon, and Malaysia/economies that relied on exports of raw materials?
improvements reduced worldwide demand for certain raw materials, causing an increase in supplies and a drop in prices
43
What are some examples of improvements in industrial processes reducing worldwide demand for certain raw materials?
technological advances in automobile tires permitted use of reclaimed rubber, no longer needed natural rubber
- increased use of oil undermined coal industry, emergence of synthetics hurt the cotton industry, growing adoption of artificial nitrogen ruined nitrate industry of Chile
44
The global economy in the 1920s saw a depressed state of agriculture which was a result of __________ and _______ prices.
overproduction; falling
45
The ________ income of farm families contributed to _____ inventories of manufactured goods, which in turn caused businesses to cut back production and to dismiss workers.
reduced; high
46
What did the United States economy (at least for a while) look like after the Great War?
enjoyed a boom after the Great War: industrial wages were high, production and consumption increased
- many people in the US invested their earnings and savings in speculative ventures = the buying of stock on margin
47
What happened on Black Thursday (October 24 1929)
a wave of panic selling on the New York Stock Exchange caused stock prices to plummet
- investors who had overextended themselves in a frenzy of speculative stock purchases watched in agony as thousands of people lost their life savings
- by the end of the day 11 financiers had committed suicide--
48
In the wake of financial chaos from stock exchange and stock prices plummeting unexpectedly, how did the US economy change?
drastic decrease in business activity, wages, and employment
- consumer demand no longer sufficed to purchase all the goods that businesses produced
- businesses realized that they could not sell their inventories = cutbacks in production and additional layoffs = so many people unemployed or underemployed = demand plummeted further = more business failures and soaring unemployment
49
In 1930 the US's economic slump deepened, and by 1932 industrial production had fallen to _____ of its 1929 level. National income dropped by approximately _____.
half; half
50
What percent of US banks went out of business between 1929 and 1932? What was the effect?
44%, deposits of millions of people had disappeared
51
What was the bigger, more pressing domino effect of the contraction of the US economy?
much of the world's prosperity depended on the export of US capital and the strength of US import markets = contraction of US economy created ripple effect that encircled the globe
52
What were two nations that suffered the most in economic contraction because of their reliance on exports of manufactured goods to pay for imported fuel and food?
Germany and Japan
53
Countries that depended on the export of what, were hardest hit by economic contraction?
few primary products (agricultural goods like coffee, sugar, cotton, and raw materials like minerals, ores, and rubber)
ex.: Latin America, Africa, Asia
54
Despite losing the Great War, how did Germany remain a leading economic power throughout the postwar years?
no military engagements took place on German soil = national economy (its natural resources, infrastructure, and productive capacity) was spared the physical destruction that seriously disrupted the economies of other lands like France or Russia
- did not escape the ravages of depression
55
Devastated by the loss of US capital, the German economy experienced a precipitous economic slide that by 1932 resulted in what percent unemployment and decrease in industrial production?
35% unemployment and 50% decrease in industrial production
56
Unemployment in ______-oriented sectors of the economy skyrocketed as companies cut back on _______.
export; production
57
How did the economic situation/depression worsen when businesses were desperate to raise capital by exporting goods to the United States?
they found that US markets had virtually disappeared behind tariff walls
58
What was economic nationalism?
Economic policies pursued by many governments affected by the Great Depression in which the nation tries to become economically self-sufficient by imposing high tariffs on foreign goods. The policy served to exacerbate the damaging effects of the Depression around the world.
59
What tariff act did US congress pass to raise duties on most manufactured products to prohibitive levels in 1930?
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
60
What three things did politicians impose in hopes of achieving a high degree of economic self-sufficiency through economic nationalism?
imposing
1. tariff barriers
2. import quotas
3. import prohibitions
61
Between 1929 and 1932, world production declined by ___ percent and trade dropped by more than ___ percent.
38; 66
62
Why did unemployment initially affect women less directly than men?
employers preferred women workers, who were paid two-thirds to three-quarters the wages of men doing the same work
63
Who was a French Nobel Prize-wining physician who insisted that removing women from the workforce would solve the problem of male unemployment and increase the nation's dangerously low birthrate?
Charles RIchet (1850-1935)
64
Who did workers and farmers especially come to despise in society because despite their reduced incomes, they were shielded from the worst impact of the economic downturn and continued to enjoy a comfortable lifestyle?
the wealthy !!
65
Describe/list some characteristics of society during the Great Depression.
- millions of people struggling for food, clothing, and shelter
- shantytowns appeared overnight in urban areas and breadlines stretched for blocks
- marriage, childbearing, divorce rates declined while suicide rates rose
- workers and farmers came to despise the wealthy
- adolescents completing their schooling faced almost nonexistent job market
66
Who was an American author who captured the official heartlessness and the rising political anger inspired by the depression in his "Grapes of Wrath" (1939)?
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
67
What was the US government's policy of "planned scarcity"?
surplus crops were destroyed to raise prices while citizens starved
68
What were the two ways that governments responded to economic crisis?
1. did nothing: hoped that the crisis would resolve itself
2. assumed more active roles: pursued deflationary measures by balancing national budgets and curtailing public spending
69
Classical economic thought held that capitalism was a ____-_______ system that operated best when left to its own devices.
self-correcting
- this soon changed when capitalism seemed to be dying, and many people called for a fundamental revision of economic thought
70
Who was the most influential economist of the 20th century, offering a novel solution (presented in "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money") that pointed to a lack of demand as the fundamental cause of depression, not excessive supply?
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
71
What does John Maynard Keynes advocate for/urge governments to do in pointing out that inadequate demand was the fundamental cause of the depression, not excessive supply?
1. urged governments to play an active role and stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply = lowering interest rates = encouraging investment
2. advised governments to undertake policy works projects to provide jobs and redistribute incomes through tax policy
72
What were some drawbacks of John Maynard Keynes' advice for economic revival (despite these drawbacks, his suggested measures were necessary)?
caused governments to
- run deficits
- maintain unbalanced budgets
73
Which US president applied similar ideas as John Maynard Keynes, and took aggressive steps to reinflate the economy and ease the worst of the suffering caused by the depression?
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)
74
What were some of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's proposals for reversing the depression? What were the sweeping economic and social reforms referred to as?
THE NEW DEAL:
- legislation designed to prevent the collapse of the banking system
- provide jobs and farm subsidies
- give workers the right to organize and bargain collectively
- guarantee minimum wages
- provide social security in old age
75
What was the fundamental premise of FDR's New Deal?
the federal government was justified in intervening to protect the social and economic welfare of the people
76
The enormous military spending during World War II did _____ to end the Great Depression in the US and elsewhere than did the specific programs of the New Deal or similar approaches.
more
77
Marxists believed that capitalist society was on its deathbed, and they had faith that a new and better system based on rule by the __________ was being born out of the ashes of the ________ empire.
proletariat; Russian
78
The new rulers of Russia transformed the former tsarist empire into the world's first socialist society the _______________________.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
79
What two European nations had the most prominent of fascist movements?
Italy and Germany
80
Where was the capital of the Bolshevik Party/Russian Communist Party?
Moscow
81
What did the Bolshevik Party begin to call itself after taking power in Russia?
the Russian Communist Party
82
What campaign did the Russian Communist Party begin in which suspected anticommunists known as Whites were arrested, tried, and executed?
the Red Terror campaign
83
What former tsar (and his family) did the Bolsheviks execute in July 1918 out of fear that the Romanov family would fall into the hands of suspected anticommunists/Whites?
Tsar Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra, their five children, and their remaining servants
84
Russia's peasantry supported whom amidst civil war? Why?
largely supported the Bolsheviks
- feared that a victory by the Whites would result in the return of the monarchy
85
Foreign military intervention that supported White resistance to the communist takeover, anticommunist sentiment, and Russia's withdrawal from the Great War inflamed which of Russia's former allies who sent troops and supplies to aid White forces?
Britain, France, Japan, and the US
86
What was the outcome of the Russian civil war that lasted from 1918 to 1920?
Whites were defeated by the Red Army in 1920
- Whites were poorly organized and didn't have widespread support
87
How many people were estimated to have lost their lives in the Russian civil war?
ten million
- more people died from disease and starvation than from fighting
88
What was war communism in Russia?
The Bolshevik policy of nationalizing industry and seizing private land during the civil war
89
Under the Bolshevik policy of national communism, landed estates and the holdings of monasteries and churches became ________ property, although the Bolsheviks explicitly exempted the holdings of poor peasants from confiscation. national
national
90
In Russia by 1920, industrial production had fallen to about _______ of its prewar level and agricultural output to about _____ of its prewar level?
one-tenth, one-half
91
What policy did Lenin implement to temporarily restore the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia?
the New Economic Policy (NEP)
92
Under Lenin's NEP, what industries remained under state control, and what industries were returned to private ownership?
LARGE industries = banks, and transportation and communications facilities remained under STATE control
SMALL-scale industries (those with fewer than 20 workers) = PRIVATE ownership
93
In addition to reorganization of ownership of industries, what were some other features of Lenin's New Economic Policy?
- government allowed peasants to sell their surpluses at free market prices
- vigorous program of electrification and the establishment of technical schools to train technicians and engineers
94
What was the name of the central governing body of the Communist Party?
Politburo
95
People in the Politburo of the Communist Party favored what in regards to socialism in Russia?
favored establishing socialism in one country alone, thus refusing to associate the role of the USSR as torchbearer of worldwide socialist revolution
96
What did Joseph Stalin's surname mean?
"man of steel"
97
Who served as general secretary of the USSR, and promoted the idea of socialism in one country, clearing the way for an unchallenged dictatorship of the Soviet Union?
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
98
What were the basic aims of Joseph Stalin's First Five Year Plan and subsequent five-year plans?
transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power
99
While similar to subsequent five-year plans in its goal to transform the Soviet Union to a leading industrial power, the First Five Year Plan in particular emphasized what?
set targets for increased productivity in all spheres of the economy emphasizing HEAVY INDUSTRY, especially steel and machinery
- at the expense of consumer goods
100
Russia's efforts at "maximum centralization of the entire national economy" offered a bold alternative to what economic system?
market capitalism
101
What was collectivization of agriculture? How did Joseph Stalin and his regime view collectivization?
Soviet state took away privately owned land to create collective or cooperative farm units whose profits were shared by all farmers
- viewed collectivization as a means of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and ensuring that industrial workers would be fed
102
Who were kulaks in Russian society?
Land-owning Russian peasants who benefited under Lenin’s New Economic Policy and suffered under Stalin’s forced collectivization.
- accounted for only 3-5% of the peasantry
103
While collectivization was successful to policymakers, how did peasants react to the government's new program? When did the program end?
peasants outraged, many left the land and migrated to cities in search of work, starved to death on land they once owned
- Stalin called halt to cultivation in 1931
104
When Stalin called a halt to collectivization in 1931, how many of the farms in the Soviet Union were collectivized? What is the estimated number of peasant lives lost?
half the farms in Soviet Union had been collectivized
- estimates fluctuate, about 3 million
105
The Soviet Union industrialized under Stalin even though the emphasis on building _____ industry first and ________ industries later meant that citizens postponed the gratifications of industrialization.
heavy; consumer
106
What was the scarcity or nonexistence of consumer goods in the Russian economy balanced by?
full employment, low-cost utilities, and when available, cheap housing and food
107
What happened/how did Stalin react in the 1934 "Congress of Victors" (Communist Party's 17th congress) when Stalin learned of a plan to bring more pluralism back into leadership?
The Congress of Victors became the "Congress of Victims"
- Stalin incited a civil war within the party that was climaxed by highly publicized trials of former Bolshevik elites for treason and by a purge of 2/3 of the delegates, launched campaign of political repression = Great Purge to remove posts of authority all persons suspected of opposition
108
How was Russia's establishment of the world's first dictatorship of the proletariat significant to a postwar world?
challenged the values and institutions of liberal society everywhere and demonstrated the viability of communism as a social and political system
109
What was a political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society and was developed as a reaction against liberal democracy and the spread of socialism and communism?
Fascism
110
National Socialism in Germany was also referred to as what?
Nazism
111
Although fascism enjoyed widespread popularity in many European countries, it ________ threatened the political order and, with the exception of Italy and Germany, never overthrew a ___________ system.
rarely; parliamentary
112
What were some common features shared by most fascist movements?
- veneration of the state
- devotion to a strong leader
- emphasis on ultranationalism
- ethnocentrism
- militarism
113
During the 1920s and 1930s, fascism became particularly attractive to followers in what two classes of European society?
middle class and rural populations
114
Asserting that society faced a profound crisis, fascists sought to create a new national community, which they defined as what?
nation-state, ethnic or racial group (essentially, groups that limited by race/ethnicity)
- fascist movements commonly dedicated themselves to the revival of allegedly lost national traditions
115
Fascist ideology consistently invoked what value, which stood at the center of the nation's life and history, and which demanded the subordination of the individual to the service of the state?
primacy of the state
116
What two perspectives did fascist movements emphasize, which they frequently linked to an exaggerated ethnocentricism?
1. chauvinism (a belligerent form of nationalism)
2. xenophobia (fear of foreign people)
117
The typical fascist state embraced _________, a belief in the rigors and virtues of military life as an individual and national ideal.
militarism
- meant that fascist regimes maintained large and expensive military establishments, tried to organize public life along military lines, and generally showed a fondness for uniforms, parades, and monumental architecture
118
Where did the first fascist movement grow?
Italy after the Great War
119
Much of the newly found public support for Mussolini's fascist movement resulted from the effective use of violence against socialists by fascist armed squads known as what?
Blackshirts
120
How did Benito Mussolini and his fascist movement seize power over King Victor Emmanuel III?
Fascist Blackshirts stormed Rome, and rather than calling for the military to oppose the fascists, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini on 29 October 1922 to become prime minister and form a new government
121
In 1926, Mussolini seized total power as dictator of Italy and subsequently ruled Italy under what name?
Il Duce ("the leader")
122
In an effort to harmonize the interests of workers, employers, and the state, Mussolini's fascist regime tried to establish a ___________ order. In theory, a National Council of Corporations settled labor disputes and supervised wage settlements.
corporatist
- (this scheme was little more than a propaganda effort)
123
What was the fascist concept of corporatism?
viewed society as an organic entity through which different interests in society came under the control of the state
124
In 1938, the Italian government suddenly issued what kind of laws that labeled Jews, unpatriotic, excluded them from government employment, and prohibited all marriages between Jews and so-called Aryans? Who might've influenced these new laws?
antisemitic
- Mussolini's new friendship with fellow dictator Adolf Hitler
125
In May 1939, the leaders of fascist Italy and Nazi Germany formalized their political, military, and ideological alliance by signing what?
ten-year Pact of Steel
- illustrated the strong links between the Italian and German variants of fascism
126
In 1921, Adolf Hitler became chairman of what party?
National Socialist German Workers' Party
127
What movement made its first major appearance in 1923 when members of the National Socialist German Workers' Party and Adolf Hiter attempted to overthrow the democratic Weimar Republic in 1919?
National Socialism (the Nazi movement)
128
After being imprisoned for his armed insurrection of the Weimar Republic, how did Hitler change his view on gaining power?
Reorganized his movement and launched it on a "path of legality", determined to gain power legally through the ballot box
129
Name some of Germany's misfortunes that contributed to social discontent with the young German democracy, and popular appeal towards Hitler's national socialism.
- humiliating Treaty of Versailles identified Germany as responsible for the Great War and assigned reparation payments to the Allies
- hyperinflation of the early 1920s wiping out savings of the middle class
- suffering brought by Great Depression
- unending and bitter infighting between Germany's major political parties
130
While Nazis avoided class divisions by recruiting followers from all strata of society, whom did National Socialism mainly appeal to?
members of the lower-middle classes: ruined shopkeepers and artisans, impoverished farmers, discharged white-collar workers, and disenchanted students
131
Between 1930 and 1932, the Nazi Party became the largest party in parliament. Who was the party's president who decided to offer Hitler the chancellorship?
Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934)
132
Hitler promised a German _______, or empire, that would endure for a thousand years.
Reich
133
How did Hitler and the Nazi party suppress the German communist and socialist parties?
1. outlawed all other political parties
2. made it a crime to create a new party
3. made the National Socialist Party the only legal party
134
What did Hitler and the National Socialist Party do to revoke almost all constitutional and civil rights?
1. destroyed trade unions and eliminated collective bargaining
2. prohibiting strikes and lockouts
3. purged the judiciary and the civil service
4. took control of all police forces
5. removed enemies of the regime through incarceration or murder
135
The leaders of the Third Reich pursued the creation of a _____-based national community by introducing _________ measures designed to improve both the quantity and quality of the German "race".
race; eugenic
136
The notion of racial superiority was frequently reinforced by a variation of what evolutionary theory?
social Darwinism
- emerged in the US and England in the 1870s
137
Proponents of social ___________ applied the biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to the alleged social and political realities of human society.
Darwinism
138
What scientific, political, and moral ideology reached its peak of popularity in the first decades of the 20th century alongside racial theories like social Darwinism?
eugenics
139
Who formulated the term and the field of eugenics in his 1883 book "Hereditary Genius"?
Sir Francis Galton
140
What was the aim of eugenics?
improving the genetic quality of the human gene pool
141
Eugenics policies were divided into positive eugenics and negative eugenics. What did these two policies do?
POSITIVE eugenics policies: increased the reproduction of those assumed to possess beneficial hereditary traits
NEGATIVE eugenics policies: discouraging the reproduction among those with hereditary traits regarded as deficient
142
Who were some prominent individuals who supported eugenics?
Winston Churchill, Woodrow Wilson, Margaret Sanger, and Emile Zola
- most infamous proponent and practitioner of eugenics was Adolf Hitler
143
How did Nazi ideology view women?
relegated women primarily to the role of wife and mother
144
Name some ways that Nazi authorities tried to encourage marriage and potentially procreation among young people?
1. tax credits
2. special child allowances
3. marriage loans
and then there's these ones:
4. legal experts rewrote divorce laws so that a husband could get a divorce solely on the ground that he considered his wife sterile
5. regime outlawed abortions, closed birth control centers, made it difficult to obtain info about family planning
6. pronatalist propaganda
145
Describe what happened annually on August 12, the birthdate of Hitler's mother.
women who bore many children received the Honor Cross of the German Mother in three classes:
- bronze for those with more than four children
- silver for those with more than six
- gold for those with more than eight
146
By August 1939, how many German women carried the prestigious Cross of the German Mother award?
3 million
- many Germans cynically called this award the "rabbit decoration"
147
Despite all of the Nazis' efforts to promote motherhood, and increase the birthrate, what was the result?
birthrate remained below replacement level
- German families unwilling to change their reproductive preferences for fewer children
148
Between 1934 and 1939, how many German men and women underwent compulsory sterilization?
more than 30,000
149
The mania for racial health culminated in a state-sponsored _________ program that was responsible for the murder of approximate ________ thousand women, men, and children.
euthanasia; two hundred
150
Nazi eugenics identified those with what features as useless to society?
having any kind of sicknesses like schizophrenia, feeblemindedness, manic depression, hereditary blindness or deafness, chronic alcoholism, and serious physical deformities
151
_____________, or prejudice against Jews, was a key element in the designs to achieve a new racial order and became the hallmark of National Socialist rule.
antisemitism
152
In 1935, what laws deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage and sexual intercourse between Jews and other Germans?
Nuremburg Laws
153
What happened during the pogrom of Kristallnacht on the night of November 9-10 1938?
the Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews throughout Germany and Austria
154
Although they had difficulty finding refuge, approximately how many Jews left Germany by 1938?
250,000
