chapter 32 Flashcards
1
Q
Who was an 18 year old student at Oxford University who in 1871 went to south Africa in search of a climate what would relieve his tuberculosis, only to come to control 90 percent of the world’s diamond production?
A
Cecil John Rhodes (the Elon Musk of the 19th century) (1853-1902)
2
Q
After also building a healthy stake in the gold mining business, how did Cecil John Rhodes enter African politics?
A
served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony
3
Q
Rhodes considered _________ society the most noble, moral, and honorable in the world, and he regarded imperial expansion as a duty to humankind.
A
British
4
Q
Industrialization equipped the ________ ____________ states with the most effective tools and the most lethal weapons available anywhere, and three centuries of _________ experience provided them with unparalleled knowledge of the world and its peoples.
A
western European; maritime
5
Q
What does “imperialism” refer to?
A
the domination of European powers (and later the United States and Japan as well) over subject lands in the larger world
6
Q
What does “colonialism” refer to?
A
Not just to the sending of colonists to settle new lands but also to the political, social, economic, and cultural structures that enabled imperial powers to dominate subject lands
7
Q
In what lands did European powers establish settler colonies populated largely by migrants from the home societies?
A
North America, Chile, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and south Africa
8
Q
In what ways did European agents, officials, and busniesspeople turn the lands of India, southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa into colonies, and influence their historical development?
A
- controlling domestic and foreign policies
- integrating local economies into the network of global capitalism
- introducing European business techniques
- transforming educational systems according to European standards
- promoting European cultural preferences
9
Q
Why did European merchants and entrepreneurs support British imperial expansion?
A
would secure and enhance their own enterprises/personal fortunes
10
Q
Aside from satisfying the interests of wealthy entrepreneurs, how else did Europeans justify imperialism (economic reasons)?
A
- argued that imperialism was in the economic interests of European societies as well as individuals
- overseas colonies could serve as reliable sources of raw materials not available in Europe
11
Q
What were some of the most important raw materials popularized by industrialization?
A
- rubber
- tin (available from colonies in southeast Asia)
- copper (available in colonies from central Africa)
- petroleum (found in U.S. and Russia)
12
Q
Even if colonies weren’t economically beneficial, why did imperialists still believe it was crucial for military and political reasons to maintain them?
A
- overseas colonies may occupy strategic sties on the world’s sea lanes, harbors or supply stations for commercial and naval ships
- desire for power and prestige (i.e; French imperialism after defeat in Franco-Prussian War)
- pride and validations (especially after achieving nationhood)
- defuse social tension and inspire patriotism by focusing public attention on foreign imperialist ventures
13
Q
What were some cultural justifications for imperialism?
A
- spiritual campaigns of missionaries
- missionaries often facilitated communication between imperialists and subject peoples
- Missionary settlements served as convenient meeting places for Europeans overseas as distribution centers for manufactured goods
14
Q
French imperialists routinely invoked what as justification for their expansion into Africa and Asia?
A
mission civilisatrice (“civilizing mission”)
- sought to bring subject peoples “civilization” in the form of political order and social stability
15
Q
Who was the English writer and poet that defined the “white man’s burden” as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands?
A
Rudyard Kipling (1864-1936)
16
Q
During the 19th century, industrialists devised effective technologies of ________, ____________, __________, and _____ that enabled European imperialists to have their way in the larger world.
A
medicine; transportation; communication; war
17
Q
What was one of the most common, debilitating, and often deadly diseases of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world?
A
malaria
18
Q
Effective treatment of malaria came in the form of what, and became a powerful weapon in the European quest to conquer and rule distant lands during the 19th century?
A
quinine
19
Q
The remedy for malaria came to Europe from ______.
A
Peru
- Spanish, including Jesuit missionaries, had discovered that indigenous peoples used the bark from the cinchona tree to treat various fevers
20
Q
What was quinine known as amongst the Spanish and Jesuit missionaries, when passed along to Europeans as a remedy for malaria?
A
“Jesuit bark”
21
Q
What were the French chemists Pierre Pelletier and Joseph Caventou known for doing?
A
extracting the alkaloid of quinine from cinchona bark
22
Q
The alkaloid of quinine came from what?
A
cinchona bark
23
Q
The most important innovations in transportation involved what two forms of transporation?
A
steamships and railroads
24
Q
Because they could travel much _______ upriver than sailboats, which depended on convenient winds, ____________ enabled imperialists to project power deep into the interior regions of foreign lands.
A
farther; steamships
25
What was the name of the British gunboat that led an expedition up the Yangxi River and brought the Opium War to a conclusion in 1842?
"Nemesis"
26
What were the two main advantages of steamships in addition to their military uses?
1. traveled much faster than any sailing vessel
2. could ignore the winds and travel in any direction
27
What two main canals facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel rapidly between the world's seas and oceans?
1. Suez Canal (completely shortened the travel time to the Indian Ocean/Red Sea from the Mediterranean, no longer had to round Africa to get to India from Europe)
2. Panama Canal (easy access to Pacific Ocean from the Carribean/Atlantic without having to go around South America)
27
What were the characteristics of the mid-19th century breech-loading firearms?
- rifled bores, far more accurate and reliable than muskets
27
What three main ways did rail transportation enable colonists to maintain their hegemony and organize local economies to their own advantage?
1. enabled colonial officials and armies to travel quickly through the colonies
2. facilitated trade in raw materials
3. distribution of European manufactured goods in colonies
28
What were the characteristics of the early 19th century smoothbore, muzzle-loading muskets?
- could cause havoc among opponents if large infantry fired muskets at once
- took skilled musketeer about one minute to reload a weapon
- smoothbore = not very accurate firearm
29
By the 1870s, Europeans were experimenting with what weapon?
rifled machine guns
30
In the 1880s, Europeans adopted what weapon that had what characteristics?
Maxim gun
- light and powerful weapon
- fired eleven bullets per second
31
What battle opened the door for British colonial rule in Sudan?
the battle of Omdurman
- British army with twenty machine guns and six gunboats encountered Sudanese force at Omdurman
- five hours of fighting, British lost a few hundred men while machine guns and explosive charges fired from gunboats killed close to 20,000 Sundanese
32
What mode of transportation reduced the time required to deliver messages from imperial capitals to colonial lands?
oceangoing steamships
- correspondence between London and Bombay took 4 months round trip instead of 2 years
- opening of Suez Canal in 1869, traveled from Britian to India in less than 2 weeks
33
Telegraph wires carried communications over land from the ______, but only in the ______ did engineers devise reliable __________ _______ for the transmission of messages through the oceans.
1830s; 1850s; submarine cables
34
By 1870, submarine cables carried messages between Britain and India in about how long?
5 hours
35
What advantages did imperial powers' monopoly on telegraphic communications provide over their subject lands?
1. imperial officials could rapidly mobilize forces to deal with troubles
2. merchants could respond quickly to developments of economic and commercial significance
36
Imperial expansion began with the British conquest of what land?
India
37
The British empire in south Asia and southeast Asia grew out of the mercantile activities of the English ______ _______ __________, which enjoyed a monopoly on English trade with India?
East India Company
38
What did the English trade with the Mughal emperors of India for throughout the 17th and 18th centuries?
17th- mostly for Indian pepper and cotton, Chinese silk and porcelain, and fine spices from southeast Asia
18th- tea and coffee = most prominent trade items
39
What was part of British policy during their conquest that was greatly resented by Indians? What did it do?
the "doctrine of lapse"
- if an Indian ruler failed to produce a biological male heir to the throne, his territories lapsed to the East India Company upon his death
40
How did the Mughal state enter a period of decline/when did the East India Company take advantage of Mughal weakness to strengthen and expand its trading posts?
after the death of the emperor Aurangzeb in 1707
- 1750s, company officials embarked on outright conquest of India
- through diplomacy or military campaigns, the company conquered autonomous Indian kingdoms and reduced Mughal rule to only a small area around Delhi
41
By the mid-19th century, the English East India Company had annexed huge areas of India and had established control over present-day ________, ___________, ______, and _____ _________.
Pakistan; Bangladesh; Burma; Sri Lanka
42
By what two main groups was the rule of the English East India Company enforced?
1. a small British army
2. large number of Indian troops known as sepoys
43
What were Indian troops that helped enforce the East India Company's rule known as?
sepoys
44
What were sepoys forced to do for newly issued rifles lubricated with mixture of pig and cow fat, that was offensive and insulting to both Hindus and Muslims?
had to bite off the ends of lubricated cartridges in order to load the rifles
45
What was the conclusion of what had begun as rebellion by Indian troops in the employ of the East India Company that turned into a full-fledged war for independence against British rule?
several months of inconclusive battles, British forces gained the upper hand by late 1857
- peace officially declared on 8 July 1858
46
After victory against Indian troops in their war for independence, how did the British government secure their rule over India/how did British imperial and colonial administration change?
1. abolished Mughal empire and exiled emperor Muhammad Bahadur Shah to Burma
2. British crown abolished the East India Company in favor of direct rule of India by the British government
3. Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901) assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the newly established office of secretary of state for India
4. viceroy represented British royal authority in India and administered the colony through an elite Indian civil service staffed almost exclusively by the English
47
British colonial officials made little effort to promote __________, but established English-style schools for the children of Indian elites, whom they sought as supporters of their rule.
Christianity
48
What three main industrializing changes did the British make to India to make their administration and colony more economically efficient?
1. cleared forests, restructured land-holdings, and encouraged cultivation of valuable crops like tea, coffee, and opium
2. built extensive railroad and telegraph networks tightening links between India and larger global economy
3. constructed new canals, harbors, and irrigation systems to support commerce and agriculture
49
The weakening of the __________ and _______ empires turned central Asia into a political vacuum and invited _______ expansion into the region.
Ottoman; Qing; Russian
50
What prompted the beginning of the "Great Game"?
Cossacks (peoples of southern Russia and Ukraine had overcome the great caravan cities of the Silk Roads, and approached the ill-defined northern frontier of British India
- next half-century, military officers and imperialist adventurers engaged in a risky pursuit of influence and intelligence that British agents referred to as the "Great Game"
51
How did Russia and British explorers prepare for the anticipated war for India?
1. ventured into parts of central Asia never before visited by Europeans
2. mapped terrain, scouted mountain passes
3. sought alliances with local rulers from Afghanistan to the Aral Sea
52
What two big events ensured that the contest for India never took place?
1. the outbreak of global war in 1914 (World War I)
2. the collapse of the tsarist state in 1917
53
Along with cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, exports of what two other products made the Dutch East Indies a valuable and productive economy?
rubber and tin
54
Where did Dutch officials extend their authority to tighten their control over the southeast Asian islands?
throughout the Dutch East Indies, the archipelago that makes up the modern state of Indonesia
55
Who founded the port of Singapore, which soon became the busiest center of trade in the Strait of Melaka in 1824?
Thomas Stamford Raffles
56
By the 1880s, the British had established colonial authority where, which became a source of teak, ivory, rubies, and jade?
Burma (modern Myanmar)
57
Administered by the colonial regime in India, Singapore served as the base for the British conquest of __________ (modern Malaysia) in the 1870s and 1880s.
Malaya
58
What were the two main advantages of bringing Malaya under British conquest?
1. offered outstanding ports that enabled the British navy to control Sea lanes linked the Indian Ocean and South China Sea
2. provided abundant supplies of tin and rubber
59
What colony did French imperialists build that consisted of the modern states of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, between 1859 and 1893?
French Indochina
60
By the century's end, all of southeast Asia had come under European imperial rule except for what kingdom? Why did this kingdom largely escape imperialism?
kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand)
- preserved its independence largely because colonial officials regarded it as a convenient buffer state between British-dominated Burma and French Indochina
61
What did French colonial officials do to their new subject peoples of French Indochina?
- introduced European-style schools and sought to establish close connections with native elites
- French officials encouraged conversion to Christianity, Roman Catholic church became prominent throughout French Indochina, especially in Vietnam
62
Where were the only sizable European possessions in Africa?
- Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique
- French settler colony in northern Algeria
- cluster of settler colonies populated by British and Dutch migrants in south Africa
63
The "scramble for Africa" refers to what?
period between 1875 and 1900 in which European powers sought to colonize as much of the African continent as possible
64
Who was the best known of European missionaries who traveled through much of central and southern Africa in the mid-19th century in search of suitable locations for mission ports?
Dr. David Livingstone, Scottish minister
65
Who were the two English explorers who ventured into east Africa seeking the source of the Nile River?
Richard Burton and John Speke
66
Which king of Belgium employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River?
King Leopold II (r. 1865-1909)
67
How did King Leopold II forestall competition from Belgium's larger, more powerful European neighbors when it came to his colony of the Congo Free State?
announced that the Congo region would be a free-trade zone accessible to merchants and businesspeople from all European lands
- carved out a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run by forced labor
68
What were conditions like in the King Leopold II's Congo Free State?
working conditions so brutal
taxes so high
abuses so many
- humanitarians protested Leopold's colonial regime
- predatory rule culminated in the death of 4-8 million Africans
69
How did the Belgian government react to Leopold II's Congo Free State?
1908, took control of the colony, and it was known thereafter as Belgian Congo
70
How did Egyptian rulers end up in great debt to European lenders?
sought to build up their army, strengthen the economy, and distance themselves from Ottoman authority
- borrowed heavily from European lenders
- 1870s, crushing debt forced Egyptian officials to impose high taxes, which provoked popular unrest and military rebellion
71
As a result of their crushing debt, what did the British army do with Egypt?
1882, British army occupied Egypt to protect British financial interests and ensure the safety of the Suez Canal, crucial to British communications with India
72
What did the Dutch East Indian Company establish as a supply station for ships en route to Asia? (with this establishment, they were able to create a presence in the southern tip of the African continent)
Cape Town
73
What were Dutch settlers into south Africa known as, and believed that God had predestined them to claim the people and resources of the Cape?
first as Boers (the Dutch word for "farmer") and then as Afrikaners (the Dutch word for "African")
74
During the 18th century, a steady stream of European migrants from what three main groups, flowed into the Dutch's south African Cape Town?
1. Dutch
2. Germans
3. French Huguenots (fleeing religious persecution)
75
As European settlers in south Africa spread beyond the reaches of the original Cape colony, they began encroaching on lands occupied by what two indigenous groups?
1. Khoikhoi
2. Xhosa
- century of intermittent warfare, Khoikhoi and Xhosa populations decimated to European settlers
76
In what conflict did the British take over the Dutch Cape in south Africa?
during the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
- established British rule in 1806
77
What implications did the British's abolishing of slavery in 1833 have on Afrikaner populations?
1. eliminated the primary source of labor for white farmers
2. dealt a crippling blow to Afrikaner financial viability and lifestyles
78
Unable to live comfortably under British rule, Afrikaners started to leave their farms in Cape Colony and gradually migrated east in what they called the _______ _______.
Great Trek
79
What was the Afrikaner world for "pioneers"?
voortrekkers
- superior firepower overcame Ndebele and Zulu resistance
- saw successful expansion as evidence that God approved of their dominance in south Africa
80
What three independent republics did the voortrekkers create by the mid-19th century?
1. the Republic of Natal, annexed by the British in 1843
2. the Orange Free State in 1854
3. the South African Republic (Transvaal territories) in 1860
81
What did the British discover in Afrikaner-populated territories, that prompted thousands of British miners and prospectors to flood into these territories?
1. diamonds in 1867
2. gold in 1886
- influx of thousands of British led to tensions between British authorities and Afrikaners, culminating in the South African War/Boer War (1899-1902)
82
How did the Boer War/South African War take a large toll on black Africans?
they served on both sides of the war as soldiers and laborers
82
How did the Boer War end?
The Afrikaners conceded defeat in 1902, and by 1910 the British government had reconstituted the four former colonies as provinces in the Union of South Africa = largely autonomous British dominion
83
British attempts at improving relations between English speakers and Afrikaners centered on shoring up the privileges of _______ colonial society and the domination of _________ __________.
white; black Africans
84
During what major conference did the delegates of twelve European states as well as the United States and the Ottoman empire (not a single African was present) devised the ground rules for the colonization of Africa?
Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885)
85
The Berlin Conference produced what agreement for future claims on African lands?
each colonial power had to notify the others of its claims, and each claim had to be followed up by "effective occupation" of the claimed territory
- occupation commonly accomplished either by getting a signed agreement from a local African ruler or by military conquest
86
What noble-minded objectives for colonized lands did participants of the Berlin Conference devise?
1. end to the slave trade
2. extension of civilization and Christianity
3. extension of commerce and trade
87
The Berlin Conference _____ ____ parcel out African lands among the participant nations, it nevertheless served public notice that European powers were ______ to carve Africa into colonies.
did not; poised
88
What was the only indigenous African state to resist colonization sucessfully?
Ethiopia
- 1895 Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, any designs to establish a colony were abandoned when the well-equipped Ethiopian army annihilated the Italians at the battle of Adwa in 1896
89
What was the only African state to remain independent?
Liberia
- small republic in west Africa populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the United States
90
In what battle did the Ethiopian army annihilate the Italians?
the battle of Adwa in 1896
91
What did the earliest approach to colonial rule (administration) involve? What did this method of administration involve?
"concessionary companies"
- European governments typically granted private companies large concessions of territory and empowered them to undertake economic activities such as mining, plantation agriculture, or railroad construction
- concessionary companies also had permission to implement systems of taxation and labor recruitment
92
What implications did concessionary companies have? How did European governments respond to these liabilities?
brutal use of forced labor and profits smaller than anticipated
- by the early 20th century, European governments persuaded to curtail the powers of private companies and to establish their own rule (taking the form of either direct rule or indirect rule)
93
Was direct rule more typical of French or British colonies?
French colonies
94
Was indirect rule more typical of French or British colonies?
British colonies
95
How did direct rule of colonies work?
administrative districts, headed by European personnel who assumed responsibility for
1. tax collection
2. labor and military recruitment
3. the maintenance of law and order
96
What were the downsides to direct rule?
- constant shortage of European personnel
ex: French West Africa, 3600 Europeans tried to rule over an African population of more than 9 million
- combination of long distances and slow transport limited effective communication between regional authorities and officials in remote areas
- inability to speak in local languages and limited understanding of local customs, further undermined effective administration
97
What was the aim of direct rule?
- desire to keep African populations in check and to permit European administrators to engage in a "civilizing mission"
- removing strong kings and other leaders and replacing them with more malleable persons
98
Who was a British colonial administrator who was the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule?
Frederick D. Lugard (1858-1945)
99
In what book did Frederick D. Lugard stress the moral and financial advantages to exercising control over subject populations through indigenous institutions?
"The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" (1922)
100
What two things was Frederick D. Lugard particularly keen on using as the foundation for colonial rule?
existing "tribal" authorities and "customary laws"
101
Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where Africans had already established ________ and highly __________ states.
strong; organized
102
What became two of the greatest obstacles to nation building and regional stability in much of Africa during the second half of the 20th century?
1. invention of rigid tribal categories
2. establishment of artificial tribal boundaries
103
Erroneous assumptions about what weakened the effectiveness of indirect rule?
assumptions concerning the "tribal" nature of African societies
104
Only after whose Pacific voyages did Europeans travel to the southern continent in large numbers?
Captain James Cook
105
Most of the British settlers that arrived at Sydney harbor and established the colony of New South Wales were....?
convicted criminals
- supported themselves mostly by herding sheep
106
By the 1830s, _________ migrants outnumbered convicts in Australia, and the discovery of ______ in 1851 brought a surge in migration to Australia.
voluntary; gold
107
What characteristics of New Zealand attracted large numbers of migrants?
islands'
1. fertile soils and
2. abundant stands of timber
108
What did the aboriginal population of Australia look like in 1800 compared to 1900 following European migration? What about European population at the same time?
aboriginal population of Australia fell from about 650,000 in 1800 to 90,000 in 1900
European population rose from a few thousand to 3.75 million in the same period
109
What did the population of the indigenous Maori in New Zealand look like from the period 1800 to 1900? What about European numbers?
Maori- fell from about 200,000 in 1800 to 45,000 in 1900
European- climbed to 750,000
110
Because the nomadic foraging peoples of Australia did not occupy lands __________, British settlers considered the continent ______ ________.
permanent; terra nullius
111
British settlers considered the Australian continent terra nullius, which means what, and thus they could do what?
"land belonging to no one"
- believed that they could seize and put to their own uses
112
Despite native resistance, by 1900 the British had _________ in _________ most indigenous Australians from their traditional lands and dispersing them throughout the continent.
succeeded; displacing
113
In what two ways was the Treaty of Waitangi viewed from the British and from the Maori perspectives?
British: designed to place New Zealand under British protection
Maori: treaty signaled coming of official British colonial control in New Zealand, and thereafter inspired effective and long lasting Maori opposition to British attempts to usurp their land and sovreignty
114
What is the series of military confrontations between autonomous Maori groups and British troops and settlers that extended from the mid- to late 19th century known as?
the New Zealand Wars
115
In addition to fighting in the New Zealand Wars, various Maori also cooperated in what movement beginning in 1856 as a means of forwarding Maori unity and sovereignty?
the Maori King Movement
116
Who were the three main European visitors to the Pacific islands in the 19th century? What did each of them do on the Pacific islands?
1. whalers
- frequented ports where they could relax, refit their ships, and drink rum
2. merchants
- sought fragrant sandalwood and succulent sea slugs, both of which fetched high prices in China
3. missionaries
- established Roman Catholic and Protestant churches throughout the Pacific Ocean basin
117
Through most of the 19th century, however, imperialist powers had ___ ________ to establish direct colonial rule over Pacific islands.
no desire
- this changed in the late 19th century when nationalist rivalries drove the scramble for Africa, they encouraged imperialist powers to stake their claims in the Pacific
118
What European power established a protectorate in Tahiti, the Society Islands, and the Marquesas as early as 1841 and imposed direct colonial rule in 1880 and also annexed New Caledonia in 1853?
France
119
What European power made Fiji a crown colony in 1874?
Britain
120
What European power annexed several of the Marshall Islands in 1876 and 1878?
Germany
121
After the Berlin Conference in which Britain, France, Germany, and the United States proceeded to claim almost all of the Pacific islands, only what one kingdom remained independent?
Tonga, but later accepted British protection against the possibility of encroachments by other imperial powers
122
What two main benefits did the Pacific islands offer to European powers?
1. ports (for their navies)
2. coaling stations (for their steamships)
123
What two Pacific islands were known for being sites of productive sugarcane plantations?
Hawaii and Fiji
124
What Pacific islands were sources of copra (dried coconut, which produced high-quality vegetable oil for the manufacture of soap, candles, and lubricants)?
Samoa, French Polynesia, and many Melanesian and Micronesian islands
125
What Pacific Island was known for its rich veins of nickel?
New Caledonia
126
What was guano?
bird droppings that made excellent fertilizer
127
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
American doctrine issued in 1823 during the presidency of James Monroe that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America and that expressed growing American imperialistic views regarding Latin America.
128
Until the late 19th century, the United States mostly exercised _________ influence in the Americas and sought to guarantee _______ ________ in the region.
informal; free trade
129
What state did the U.S. purchase from Russia in 1867?
Alaska
130
Where did the U.S. claim a protectorate over (where U.S. entrepreneurs had established highly productive sugarcane plantations) in 1875?
the islands of Hawaii
131
Who was the last monarch of the Hawaiian kingdom, before it was overthrown in 1893 and when the United States was invited to annex the islands?
Queen Lili'uokalani (lee-lee-oo-oh-kah-LAH-nee) (r. 1891-1893)
132
Who undertook U.S. annexation of the Hawaiian islands in 1898?
William McKinley (in office 1897-1901)
133
How did the Spanish-Cuban-American War break out?
1898- U.S. battleship "Maine" exploded and sank in Havana harbor, U.S. leaders claimed sabotage and declared war on Spain
- easily defeated Spain and took control and possession of Cuba and Puerto Rico
134
After the U.S. navy destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila in a ________ day, the United States also took possession of _______ and the ___________, Spain's last colonies in the Pacific, to prevent them from falling under German or Japanese control.
single; Guam; Philippines
135
U.S. military forces occupied what Latin American countries in the early 20th century?
Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Haiti
136
The Spanish-Cuban-American War coincided with a _________ revolt against Spanish rule, and U.S. forces promised to support independence of the Philippines in exchange for an alliance against _______.
Filipino; Spain
137
Which U.S. president decided to bring the Philippines under American control?
President William McKinley
- U.S. paid 20 million dollars for rights to the colony
138
Why was control of the Philippines important to American businesspeople and military leaders?
its strategic position in the South China Sea
139
Who led the Filipino revolt against European intruders to the Philippines?
Emilio Aguinaldo
(known to his people as the George Washington of his country)
140
Which U.S. president was an enthusiastic champion of imperial expansion, and supported a rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and helped rebels establish the breakaway state of Panama?
Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909)
141
What was the purpose of the Roosevelt corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904?
exerted the U.S. right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they demonstrated an inability to maintain the security deemed necessary
142
During the 1870s, Japanese leaders consolidated their hold on what two islands, and then encouraged Japanese migrants to populate the islands to forestall Russian expansion there? By 1879, they also established their hegemony over what islands to the south?
- Hokkaido and Kurile Islands
- Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands
143
From who did Japan purchase modern warships and with its newly strengthened Japanese navy, was able to threaten Korea and force Korean leaders to submit to the same kind of unequal treaty that the United States and European states had imposed on Japan?
purchased modern warships from Britain
144
As European and U.S. imperialists divided up the world in the 1880s and 1890s, ________ political and military leaders made plans to project Japanese power abroad.
Meiji
145
Why did the Japanese declare war on China in August 1894?
antiforeign rebellion broke out in Korea in 1893 (after Japanese were taking advantage of the unequal treaty of 1876), Qing rulers sent army to restore order and reassert Chinese control over a land so important to Japanese business interests
- Japanese didn't want their business interests threatened
146
Within a few ________, the Sino-Japanese War was over, and the combatants later made peace in April 1895. Qing authorities recognized the independence of _______, thus making it essentially a dependency of ________.
months; Korea; Japan
147
The unexpected Japanese victory in the Sino-Japanese War startled European imperial powers, but especially who?
Russia
148
Victory in what war transformed Japan into a major imperial power?
Russo-Japanese War
149
When did the Russo-Japanese War break out, and when did it end? How did the Japanese fight compared to the Russians?
War broke out in 1904, and by 1905 the war was over
- Japanese forces overran Russian installations before reinforcements could arrive from Europe
150
Colonial policies transformed India from the world's principal center of cotton ___________ to a supplier of _____ cotton and a ____________ of textiles produced in the British isles.
manufacture; raw; consumer
151
For the most of history, Indian cultivators spun thread and wove their own cotton textiles or else supplied local artisans with raw materials, but colonial administrators reoriented the cultivation of cotton to serve the needs of what?
the emerging British textile industry; encouraged cultivators to produce cotton for export rather than for local consumption, and built railroads deep into subcontinent to transport raw cotton to the coast quickly
152
Colonization of India and the transformation of the Indian cotton industry allowed for the import of inexpensive British textiles, which ___________ Indian cotton cloth production.
undermined
153
The value of raw cotton exported from India went up from ____ million rupees in 1849 to ____ million rupees in 1860 and _____ million rupees in 1913.
10; 60; 410
154
British colonial officials introduced what product from China to Ceylon and India?
tea bushes
155
Consumption of tea in India and Ceylon was almost ___________, so increased supplies met the growing demand for tea in _________, where the beverage became accessible to individuals of all social classes.
negligible; Europe
156
The value of south Asian tea exports rose from about _________ pounds sterling in 1866 to _____ million pounds sterling in 1888 and _____ million pounds in 1900.
309,000; 4.4; 6.1
157
Malaya and Sumatra underwent a similar social transformation as India and Ceylon after British colonial agents planted what trees there in the 1870s and established plantations to meet the growing global demand for products of that material?
RUBBER
158
European migrants went mostly to what kinds of lands, where they worked as free cultivators or industrial laborers?
temperate lands
159
Migrants from Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands moved largely to what kinds of lands, where they worked as indentured laborers on plantations or manual laborers for mining enterprises or large-scale construction projects?
tropical and subtropical lands
160
Between 1800 and 1914 some ______ million European migrants left their homes and sought opportunities overseas.
50
161
Most European migrants came from relatively poor agricultural societies of what southern and eastern European countries?
Italy, Russia, and Poland (sizable numbers also from Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia)
162
A majority of European migrants, about ______ million, went to where?
32; the United States
- early arrivals= search for cheap land to cultivate
- later arrivals= northeast settlements where they provided the labor that drove U.S. industrialization after the 1860s
163
Most European migrants traveled as _______ ________, but some went as __________ ________.
free agents; indentured laborers
164
How did European and Euro-American imperialism influence European migrant opportunities?
migrants largely able to find opportunities in temperate regions of the world because of European and Euro-American imperialism in the Americas, south Africa, and Oceania
165
After the institution of slavery declined, planters relied primarily on ________ laborers recruited from relatively ______ and densely __________ lands.
indentured; poor; populated
166
Between 1820 and 1914, about how many indentured laborers left their homes to work in distant parts of the world?
2.5 million
167
What is indentured labor?
Labor source for plantations; wealthy planters would pay the laboring poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage.
168
How did the indentured labor trade begin in the 1820s?
French and British colonial officials sent Indian migrants to work on sugar plantations in the Indian Ocean islands of Reunion and Mauritius
169
After the Opium War, where did recruiters seek workers, and where did they go to work?
recruiters began seeking workers in China
- Chinese laborers went to sugar plantations in Cuba and Hawaii
- guano mines in Peru
- tin mines in Malaya
- gold mines in south Africa and Australia
- railroad construction sites in the U.S., Canada, and Peru
170
After the Meiji restoration in Japan, where did Japanese laborers migrate to?
- to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations
- smaller group went to work in guano mines in Peru
171
Where did indentured laborers from Africa go to work?
- mostly on sugar plantations in Reunion, the Guianas, and Caribbean islands
172
The _______ rebellion was the most prominent effort to resist British colonial authority in India, but it was only one among thousands of insurrections organized by discontented Indian subjects between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries.
sepoy
173
What was the reason for the name behind the Maji Maji rebellion (1905-1906) in German East Africa?
to expel German colonial authorities from east Africa, rebels sprinkled themselves with "maji-maji" ("magic water"), which they believed would protect them from German weapons
- magic water was ineffective and as many as 75,000 insurgents died in the conflict
174
Although the various ethnic communities of Hawaii readily adopted their neighbors' foods and sometimes took spouses from other groups, linguistic, religious, and cultural differences provided a foundation for strong ______ _________ throughout the ___________ era and beyond.
ethnic identities; plantation
175
Workers on Hawaiian sugar plantations came primarily from what three countries? Sizable contigents also came from where?
China, Japan, and Portugal
- Philippines, Korea, and other Pacific islands
176
What did 19th century theorists assume about the human species?
assumed that the human species consisted of several distinct racial groups
177
In what dense, four-volume book did Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau divide humanity into four main racial groups
"Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-1855)
178
According to Joseph Arthur de Gobineau's classification of humanity into four main racial groups, what categories do Africans, Asians, native Americans, and Europeans?
Africans = unintelligent and lazy
Asians = smart but docile
Native Americans= dull and arrogant
Europeans = intelligent, noble and morally superior to others
179
Agreeing uniformly that __________ were superior to other peoples, race theorists clearly reflected the dominance of __________ _______ _______ in the larger world.
Europeans; European imperial powers
180
What was an academic pursuit that became especially prominent after the 1840s, and took race as the most important index of human potential
scientific racism
181
After the 1860s, scientific racists drew heavily from the writings of which English biologist?
Charles Darwin
- book "The Origin of Species" (1859) argued that all living species had evolved over thousands of years in a ferocious contest for survival
182
What slogan became a byword for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?
"survival of the fittest"
183
What was the name of theorists that seized on Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution to explain the development of human societies?
social Darwinists
184
Who was an English philosopher who relied on theories of evolution to explain the differences between the strong and the weak?
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
185
Herbert Spencer and others justified the ___________ of European imperialists over subject principles as the ___________ result of natural scientific principles.
domination; inevitable
186
Representatives of imperial and colonial powers routinely adopted _______ views on the basis of ________ _________, which seemed to teach their superiority to subject peoples.
racism; personal experiences
187
U.S. forces in the Philippines disparaged the rebels they fought there as what?
"gooks"
188
After their victory in the Russo-Japanese War, political and military leaders came to believe that Japan had an obligation to oversee affairs of their backward neighbors and help civilize their "___________ _________ ____________"
little Asian brothers
189
Where was the potential of imperialism and colonialism to push subject peoples toward nationalism most evident?
India
190
Who was among the most influential of Indian elites who helped forge a sense of Indian identity, and sometimes called the "father of modern India"?
Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)
191
What prominent Bengali intellectual Ram Mohan Roy argue for?
the construction of a society based on both modern European science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hinduism
192
How did Ram Mohan Roy seek to bring Hindu spirituality to bear on the problems and conditions of his own time?
- tirelessly published newspapers
- founded societies to mobilize educated Hindus
- advance the cause of social reform in colonial India
193
After mid-century, Indian reformers increasingly called for what?
self-government
- at least greater Indian participation in government
194
Leaders of reform societies in India drew inspiration from where?
European Enlightenment values such as equality, freedom, and popular sovereignty
- invoked these values to criticize the British colonial regime in India and call for political and social reform
195
The most important of Indian reform groups was what group founded in 1885 with British approval, and as a forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials?
Indian National Congress
196
In 1916, who did the Indian National Congress join forces with, working to advance the political and social interests of Muslims, who made up about 25% of the Indian population?
All-India Muslim League
197
Faced with increasing demand for Indian participation in government, what did colonial authorities do in 1909?
granted a limited franchise that allowed wealthy Indians to elect representatives to local legislative councils
198
Going into the _________ century, Indian ___________ was a powerful movement that would bring independence from colonial rule in 1947.
twentieth; nationalism
199
In almost all cases, leaders of independence movements were ___________-educated elites who absorbed Enlightenment values and then turned those values into an attack on European colonial rule in foreign lands.
European
200
Representatives from all parts of the Indian subcontinent aired grievances in the Indian National Congress regarding what issues?
- Indian poverty
- the transfer of wealth from India to Britian
- trade and tariff policies that harmed Indian businesses
- inability of colonial officials to provide effective relief for regions stricken by drought or famine
- British racism towards Indians
