chapter 38 Flashcards
a world without borders
1
Q
Name some forces that drove the world economy towards globalization?
A
- advances in communication technology
- enormous expansion of international trade
- emergency of new global enterprises
- governments and international organizations that favored market-oriented economics
2
Q
What US president called the USSR “the evil empire”, noted for his anti-communism?
A
Ronald Reagan
3
Q
Reagan’s cold war rhetoric and budgets challenged ________ and the ________ ability to match US spending, but internal changes in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe worked most effectively to end communism and the cold war.
A
détene; Soviet
4
Q
Who was the new Soviet leader who came to power in 1985, and represented an effort to address economic deterioration of the Communist regime?
A
Mikhail S. Gorbachev
5
Q
As communism unraveled throughout eastern and central Europe, Mikhail S. Gorbachev desperately tried to save the Soviet Union from disintegration by doing what two main things?
A
- restructuring the economy
- liberalizing society
6
Q
The Soviet Union collapsed in what year?
A
1991
7
Q
Including economic stagnation, an accelerated arms race with the United States that further strained the economy, and obvious signs of discontent, what other main factor contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union (regarding its leaders)?
A
the rulers of eastern and central Europe were too reluctant to confront the challenge and restructure their ailing systems
8
Q
What doctrine, enforced by Gorbachev, replaced the Brezhnev Doctrine?
A
the “Sinatra doctrine” (“I did it my way”)
- each country would be responsible for its own destiny
9
Q
The end of communism came first in what eastern European country? What two factors pressured the rule of the Communist Party to crumble?
A
Poland
1. combined trade union
2. nationalist movement
10
Q
What movement did the Polish government legalize and afterwards agree to multiparty elections in 1989 and 1990?
A
legalized the previously banned Solidarity movement
11
Q
Who was the leader of the Solidarity movement and became the president of Poland?
A
Lech Walesa (1943–)
12
Q
Who was eastern Europe’s longest-surviving communist dictator who was forced to resign from rule of Bulgaria in November 1989?
A
Todor Zhivkov (1911-1998)
- two months later, national assembly began dismantling the communist state of Bulgaria
13
Q
What revolution in Czechoslovakia swept communists out of office and restored democracy by 1990?
A
a “velvet revolution”
14
Q
Where did the term “velvet revolution” originate to describe the restoration of democracy in Czechoslovakia?
A
derived from the fact that aside from the initial suppression of mass demonstrations, little violence was associated with the transfer of power in societies formerly ruled by an iron fist
15
Q
What did the “velvet divorce” of Czechoslovakia in 1993 do to the nation?
A
split Czechoslovakia into two new nations: the Czech Republic and Slovakia
16
Q
In contrast to the nonviolent transfer of power in Czechoslovakia, what happened to the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania?
A
he refused to acknowledge the necessity of reform
- in 1989 Secuitate, a brutal secret police force, savagely repressed demonstrations, setting off a national uprising that ended within four days and with Ceausescu and his wife dead
17
Q
Who was the aging leader of East Germany who openly objected to Gorbachev’s ideas and clung to Stalinist policies, but was removed from power by his party as East German citizens were fleeing the country through openings in the iron curtain?
A
Erich Honecker (1912-1994)
18
Q
In what year did the two Germanies, previously divided by the cold war, form a united nation?
A
1990
19
Q
Describe the feedback loop that contributed to the decline of the Soviet standard of living after collective farms failed to feed the population.
A
collective farms unable to feed entire population = Soviet government imported grains from the US, Canada, and elsewhere = government imposed rationing to cope with scarcity of essential consumer goods and food = economic stagnation = decline of Soviet standard of living
20
Q
The state-sponsored health care system in the Soviet Union, resulted in what two demographic trends (regarding infant mortality and life expectancy)?
A
- infant mortality increased
- life expectancy decreased
21
Q
Under what slogan did Gorbachev try to revive the Soviet economy?
A
“uskorenie” or “accleration”
22
Q
What were the old methods of boosting production and productivity that Gorbachev tried to use, but ultimately showed the drawbacks of centralized economic control?
A
- bureaucratic exhortation
- harassment
23
Q
Instead of “uskorenie” or “acceleration”, what method did Gorbachev try using instead after realizing the drawbacks of centralized economic control?
A
“perestroika” or “restructuring”
- efforts at decentralizing the economy
24
Q
How did Gorbachev make his program of perestroika or “restructuring” work in Soviet society?
A
Soviet leader linked it to glasnost, a term that referred to the opening of Soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes
25
Why was perestroika more difficult to implement that Gorbachev imagined?
Gorbachev pushed economic decentralization, the
1. profit motive and
2. cost-accounting methods
he instituted encouraged hostility amongst those of privileged positions that depended on the old system
26
How did glasnost (the opening of Soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes) lead to the demise of Gorbachev?
discontent with Soviet life burst into the open, long-repressed ethnic groups and nationalist sentiments bubbled to the surface, posing a threat to the multiethnic Soviet state
27
The pressures on the Soviet system were exacerbated by an ill-considered and costly Soviet military intervention in 1979 to save a ________ regime in _____________.
Marxist; Afghanistan
28
For nine years, who did the well-equipped Soviet forces fight a brutal, unsuccessful campaign against, as they gradually gained control of most of the countryside?
Afghan mujahideen, or Islamic warriors
29
Who were the first group of nations to declare their independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991?
the Baltic peoples--Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians
30
What was the largest and most prominent of the Soviet republics?
the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
31
What did Boris N. Yeltsin do to contribute to the collapse of the Soviet Union? What was his position in The Soviet's largest and most prominent republic, the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic?
Yeltsin was the recently elected president and led the drive for independence
- crushed a coup of discontented party functionaries, disillusioned secret police officials, etc. with the help of Red Army that had tried to seize power while Gorbachev was vacationing in the Crimea
- became leader after Gorbachev's political career disintegrated and led country toward market-oriented economic reforms after dismantling the Communist Party
32
After the coup of discontented police and party functionaries tried to seize power while Gorbachev was away, what happened to Gorbachev's career? Who replaced him?
his political career had ended, Boris Yeltsin dismantled the Communist Party and pushed the country toward market-oriented economic reforms
33
What were the three main perspectives the cold war shaped of nations and peoples of the world in terms of their ideological beliefs?
1. saw themselves as good capitalists fighting evil communists
2. as progressive socialists battling regressive capitalists
3. or as nonaligned peoples striving to follow their own paths
34
The end of the cold war suggested the possibility of a radical shift in power relations, a global realignment that marked a new era of world history devoid of the categories embraced during the cold war.
yes.
35
After the spectacular collapse of communism in 1990 (in the Soviet Union), economists pointed to new economic order characterized by what things?
- expansion of trade between countries
- the growth of foreign investments
- the unfettered movement of capital
- the privatization of former state enterprises
- a wave of deregulation that undermined the control that national governments once exercised over economic activity
- emergence of new breed corporations
36
Define globalization.
Globalization refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services, and labor
- The breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasingly global financial and cultural trends.
37
What does the phrase "free trade" imply?
freedom from state-imposed limits and constraints on trade across borders
38
What was the main vehicle for the promotion of unrestricted global trade/what was the name of the agreement?
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- signed by representatives of 23 noncommunist nations in 1947
39
In 1994, the member nations of GATT signed an agreement to establish what organization, which took over the activities of GATT in 1995?
the World Trade Organization (WTO)
- developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes,
- has power to enforce its decisions
- has 153 member nations, which account for 97% of all world trade
40
International companies were born out of the desire to extend business activities across borders in pursuit of specific activities such as what (three things)?
1. importation
2. exportation
3. extraction of raw materials
41
During the past 25 years, the transformation of the corporate landscape has resulted in the birth of some ______ thousand global corporations.
50
42
What are some characteristics of multinational companies?
conducted their business in several countries, but had to operate within the confines of specific laws and customs of a given society
43
What are some characteristics of global corporations?
relies on a small headquarters staff while dispersing all other corporate functions across the globe in search of the lowest possible operating costs
- treat the world as a single market and act as if the nation-state no longer exists
44
What is a specific example/consequence of electronic media and the messages they carry emanating from advanced capitalist societies, and influencing the consumers they reach?
English becoming the primary language of global communications systems, effectively restricting vernacular languages to a niche status
45
How have major corporations throughout the developed world impacted or contributed to the welfare of their respective home communities?
through
- a combination of collective bargaining agreements
- tax laws
- environmental regulations
these companies had to contribute to the welfare of their home communities
46
Competing with companies around the world, the global corporation has moved jobs from ______ _______ facilities to __________ locations where wages are ____ and environmental laws are weak or nonexistent.
high-wage; foreign; low
47
Just as western European countries had benefited from the Marshall Plan, how did Japan benefit from the US?
- direct US financial aid investment
- timely abandonment of war reparations
- no restrictions on the entry of Japanese products into the US market
48
How did Japan's economy seem ill equipped for intensive economic growth at first?
- lost its overseas empire
- hampered by a large population
- lack of natural resources
49
How did Japan's economic planners sidestep many of their original disadvantages for intense economic development?
by promoting an economic policy that emphasized export-oriented growth supported by low wages
50
What particular advantage did Japanese employers have with their workforce that workers in other nations would've considered intolerable?
they had a large and mostly compliant workforce that was willing to endure working conditions and wages considered intolerable by organized labor in western Europe and the US
51
The ____ cost of Japanese labor ensured the production of goods that were cheap enough to compete on the basis of _______.
low; price
52
Describe how the products exported and manufactured by Japan changed by the time the 1960s and 1970s came around?
initially, they churned out labor-intensive manufactured goods such as textiles, iron, and steel slated for export to markets with high labor costs
- 1960s: Japanese companies used their profits to switch to more capital-intensive manufacturing and produced radios, television sets, motorcycles, and automobiles
- 1970s: Japanese corporations took advantage of highly trained and educated workforce and shifted their economic resources toward technology-intensive products such as memory chips, liquid crystal displays, and CD-ROM drives
53
Where was the Japanese economy by the 1980s and 1990s?
1980s: seemed poised to overtake the US as the world's largest economy
1990s: became clear that postwar growth rates not sustainable and the Japanese economy sputtered into a recession that has continued into the 21st century
54
What four Asian cities and countries were the earliest and most successful imitators of the Japanese model for economic development, and earned them the name of the "four little tigers"?
1. Hong Kong
2. Singapore
3. South Korea
4. Taiwan
55
Describe how the "four little tigers" had been just like Japan in their disadvantages to intense economic development, but also in how they transformed these disadvantages.
- similarly, the "four little tigers" suffered shortage of capital, lacked natural resources, and had to cope with overpopulation
- like Japan a generation earlier, they transformed apparent disadvantages into advantages through a program of export-driven industrialization.
56
Before long, what three Asian countries joined the "four little tigers" in their quest for economic development and prosperity?
1. Indonesia
2. Thailand
3. Malaysia
57
After years of generous lending and growing national debts in Asian economies, what happened to the international investment community? How did they start a crisis?
The international investment community suddenly lost confidence in the booming economies and withdrew support
58
Where did the financial crisis in Asia begin in 1997?
Thailand, investments that once easily poured into the country now left it equally quickly, causing the value of the baht (Thai national currency) to plummet
59
The recovery of badly hit Asian economies was matched by other emerging economies, often identified as what?
BRICs, because they include the fast-growing and developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China
60
In the aftermath of the cold war, the governments composing the BRICs initiated political and economic reforms that embraced __________ and allowed their countries to join the world economy.
capitalism
61
How did the BRICs nations make themselves more competitive especially after joining the world economy?
leaders have simultaneously emphasized
- education
- domestic entrepreneurship,
- foreign investment, and
- domestic consumption
62
China's leaders during the 1970s did what three things (reversing policies) that launched economic reforms in the country?
1. opened Chinese markets to the outside world
2. encouraged foreign investment
3. imported foreign technology
63
Besides acting as a major exporter, China benefited from its large pool of _______ labor and its enormous __________ markets have made the Chinese economy the destination of choice for foreign investment capital.
cheap; domestic
64
In what three ways do emerging nations have significant environmental impact?
1. they scour the earth for raw materials
2. they are responsible for a steep rise in world energy demand and consumption
3. cause an alarming increase in emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollution
65
Explain the role of once-poor nations in a world of international organizations and globalization.
once-poor world is getting richer, but also making its weight felt in international organizations on everything from trade issues to membership in the UN Security Council
- rich developed countries no longer dominate the global economy the way they did during the 19th and 20th centuries
66
Until the late 19th century, what two countries were the world's biggest economies?
China and India
67
Accepting free trade and open markets mean acknowledging global economic interdependence; no _______ economic power could fully control ________ trade and commerce.
single; global
68
In acknowledging global economic interdependence, groups of nations have entered into economic _________ designed to achieve advantages and greater strength for their partners in the competitive global economy.
alliances
69
What is the most famous and most strongly integrated regional bloc that is characterized by a common market and free trade?
the European Union
- Established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, a supranational organization for even greater European economic and political integration.
70
Representatives of what six European nations signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957?
France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
71
What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
established the European Economic Community, renamed the European Community in 1967
72
What was the purpose of signing the Treaty of Rome and establishing the European Community?
dismantling of tariffs and other barriers to free trade among member nations
73
What Treaty of 1993 established the European Union?
the Maastricht Treaty of 1993
74
How many European nations have submerged much of their national sovereignty in the European Union, and since 1999 how many members have adopted a common currency?
23; 18
75
The oil-producing States of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, and later joined by Qatar, Libya, Indonesia, Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon established what producer cartel in 1960?
the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- An organization begun in 1960 by oil-producing states originally for purely economic reasons but that later had more political influence.
76
What did the mostly Arab and Muslim member states of OPEC seek to do under the organization and through cooperation?
sought to raise the price of oil
- demonstrated during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 that cooperation had political as well as economic potential
77
OPEC's policies contributed to the global __________ and debt crisis that hurt many developing nations, but its members--also developing nations--demonstrated how the alliance could exert control over the __________ world and its financial system.
recession; developed
78
What economic partnership was established in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines?
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN
79
What was ASEAN originally conceived as? What did its focus become after it signed cooperative agreements with Japan in 1977 and the European Community in 1980?
originally conceived as a bulwark against the spread of communism in the region
- ECONOMIC focus became sharper after signing agreements
- 1992, member states agreed to establish a free-trade zone and cut tariffs on industrial goods over a 15-year period
80
To its supporters, the global economy delivers markets that operate with ___________ efficiency, speedily directing goods and services wherever there is demand for them and always expecting the ________ returns possible.
maximum; highest
81
Who are some critics of globalization? What do they argue against the global economy?
nongovernmental organizations ranging from labor unions to tribal-rights activists
- argue global economy is an untamed juggernaut that is neither inevitable nor desirable, force that rewards few and impoverished many
- assert that globalization diminishes the sovereignty of local and national governments and transfers the power to shape economic and political destinies to transnational corporations and global institutions
82
Describe where local traditions were derived from at the turn of the 20th century compared to at the end of the 20th century thanks in part to advances in technology.
local traditions commonly derived from gender, social class, or religious affiliation, determined the cultural identity of the vast majority of people
advances in tech and communications, information and cultural practices were becoming global
83
New communications media have tied the world together and have promoted a global cultural integration whose Hallmark is ____________.
consumption
84
Beginning in the 18th century, what process and the subsequent rise to per capita income and gave birth to a type of society in which consumption of goods and services satisfied wants and desires rather than needs or necessities?
INDUSTRIALIZATION
85
Consumption has become a means of self-expression as well as a source for personal __________ and social __________.
identity; differentiation
86
The peculiar shape of consumer culture resulted from what two seemingly contradictory trends?
1. a tendency toward homogenization of cultural products
2. heightened awareness of local tastes and values
87
What do critics sometimes refer to the homogenizing aspect of global culture as (two terms)?
"Americanization" or "McDonaldization" of the world
88
So successful has the global spread of US mass culture been that it seems to threaten _______ or ___________ cultures everywhere.
local; indigenous
89
What does contemporary consumer culture stress between products and encourage of consumers when making purchase decisions?
- stresses minute differences between products and
- encourages consumers to make purchase decisions based on brand names designed to evoke particular tastes, fashion, or lifestyle
90
Give some examples of how Eva Peron appeared everywhere in cultures beyond Argentina after her death.
- musical "Evita" by Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice performed in London and subsequently became a hit on Broadway
- film "Evita" starred Madonna
91
Latin video deejays on Music Television Latino speak what language that mixes Spanish and English?
"Spanglish" or "Chequenos" ("check us out"
92
By the 1990s, Latin societies relaxed their guard on such alien influence from the US noting that MTV and cable television have come to serve as a means of ______________ and _______ by making the nations of Latin America more _______ of one another.
communication; unity; aware
93
While the sheer dominance and size of the US entertainment-technology industry keeps cultural sharing lopsided, cultural dominance is also limited by those societies' ability to blend and absorb a variety of foreign and indigenous practices. make sense of this!
While the US is just gigantic and there's no doubting that, its dominance over the world culturally, depends on the malleability of other cultures around the world; whether they would be open to cultural influence, acculturation or assimilation
94
Explain why the existing gulf between the connected and the unconnected has the potential to become one border in a world without borders.
it takes capital to purchase the necessary equipment, maintain and upgrade it, and train people to use such technology and equipment
95
Contemporary observers have labeled our era "the age of access" because communication by radio, telephone, television, fax machine, and networked computers has spawned a __________ village that has swept away the social, economic, and political _______ of the past.
global; isolation
96
97
As a result of ________ colonialism, subjugated peoples the world over had been compelled to learn English and become at least __________, speaking their own languages along with those of the colonizer.
British; bilingual
98
How has television been used to promote state building around the world?
most television industries are state controlled
- in Zaire, the first television picture residents saw each day was of Mobutu Sese Seko
- he especially like to materialize in segments that pictured him walking on clouds, miraculous vision of his unearthly power
99
In a report on Internet censorship issued in 2012 by the OpenNet Initiative that gauged the extent of government filtering and surveillance of Internet content, what two countries scored the highest levels of pervasive and substantial interference?
Iran and China
100
The rapid decline in __________ among people who had also maintained high levels of ___________ led to explosive population growth in many areas of Asia and Africa.
mortality; fertility
101
The United Nations estimates that the earth's population with stabilize around what number in 2050?
9.6 billion
102
The AIDS crisis is taking a more heavy demographic toll in societies where fertility rates are...?
high
103
List some reasons why some people believe that the odds of a population explosion and its dreaded consequences are exaggerated and are in fact receding.
- result of AIDS crisis
- fertility rates have been falling fast in the past two decades, both in rich and poor societies
- wages have risen and the cost of everything extracted or grown from the earth has declined
- food production has more than kept pace with the growing population
104
In 1967, a group of international economists and scientists dubbed what, attempted to specify the limits of both economic and population growth in relation to the capacity of the planet to support humanity?
the Club of Rome
105
What is an example of the Club of Rome's predictions about the global supply of oil, natural gas, silver, tin, uranium, aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc being incorrect?
predicted that the supply of these things were approaching exhaustion and that prices would rise steeply
- in every case but tin, the reserves have grown since 1972
- eight years later the prices for virtually all minerals had dropped and continue to do so
106
What is human-induced climate change known as?
global warming
107
An average rise of global temperature by more than how many degrees celsius would cause significant economic and ecological damage?
2 degrees celsius
108
In what ancient Japanese capital was there a conference held for delegates from 187 nations to meet and agree in 1997 to cut greenhouse emissions blamed for global warming?
Kyoto
- Kyoto protocol went into force in 2005 and imposed targets for carbon emissions reductions on developed countries until 2012
109
What was a downside to the Kyoto protocol in terms of its requirements of developed/developing countries?
the protocol did not require developing countries--some of them major polluters, such as India and China--to reduce their emissions
- US didn't sign protocol because of this
- since Kyoto, global carbon-dioxide emissions have risen by a third
110
International efforts in dealing with climate change have been hampered by a split between __________ and ___________ countries; only the former committed themselves to cutting emissions.
developed; developing
111
What did developing countries insist of developed countries that has hampered international efforts in dealing with climate change?
insist that the rich would bear the costs of reducing emissions
112
In 2009, delegates from 193 countries gathered where to renew the Kyoto protocol beyond 2012, with tougher limits on emissions?
Copenhagen, Denmark
113
What was the result of the Copenhagen conference in terms of its effectiveness in renewing the Kyoto protocol?
delegates struggled to find a way to a new protocol that would include commitments from developing countries
- conference ended without a new protocol or binding extensions to the Kyoto agreements
- only positive outcome was that developing as well as developed countries agreed to an international monitoring of any emissions reductions they promised to pursue
114
The old pervasive notion that a large population is a source of national _________ had given way to the idea that the best way to promote the health and well-being of a population is to __________ its growth.
power; control
115
What are two of the UN's specialized agencies that have aided many countries in organizing and promoting family-planning programs?
1. World Health Organization
2. the UN Fund for Population Activities
116
Give an example of how a society has resisted efforts to reduce birthrates for religious reasons.
In India, the Hindu emphasis on fertility has impeded birth control efforts
117
Poverty has correlated strongly with higher-than-average infant _________ rates and lower-than-average life __________.
mortality; expectancies
118
A worldwide shortage and uneven distribution of what has figured as a major causes of poverty and have divided nations into the haves and have-nots?
RESOURCES
- poverty levels within a given society remain a major concern is a continuing division between rich and poor societies that has attracted the attention of the international community
119
Excessively high ______________ densities and environmental ___________ have caused the _____________ of available resources, leading to shortages of food, water, and shelter and ultimately to poverty.
population; degradation; depletion
120
What caused the unequal distribution of resources in the world economy?
result for 500 years of colonialism, defined by the appropriation of labor and natural resources
- pervasive poverty characterizes many former colonies and dependencies
121
Name some of the few former colonies/developing societies that succeeded at raising income levels and eliminating poverty through diversified economic development?
South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia
122
A report issued by the antipoverty charity Oxfam noted that in 2014 the still-growing wealth gap among the world's peoples had reached such a point that the world's richest 85 people posessed the same amount of wealth as the world's poorest 3.55 billion people--or roughly _______ of the world's population.
half
123
According to the International Labor Organization, more than ______ million children between ages five and fourteen work around the world, many in conditions that are inherently harmful to their physical health and emotional well-being.
250
124
In what region of the world is child-labor servitude the most pronounced?
South and Southeast Asia, affecting an estimated 50 million children in India alone
125
What is an insidious form of modern slavery in which one to two million beings annually are bought and sold across international and within national boundaries?
human trafficking
126
The ___________ industry is one of the fastest growing and most lucrative criminal enterprises in the world, generating billions of dollars annually in profits.
trafficking
127
The influenza pandemic that swept the globe in 1918 and 1919 killed how many people, which was far more than those who died as the result of the Great War?
between 20 and 40 million people
128
What was recently the most serious epidemic threat (not COIVD)?
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
129
What does the HIV virus do to the human body?
slowly attacks and destroys the immune system, leaving the infected individual vulnerable to diseases that eventually cause death
130
How is the HIV infection spread?
through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding
- poverty, ignorance, prohibitive cost of drugs, and sexual promiscuity contributes to spread of AIDS
131
Where did medical experts first identify AIDS?
identified for the first time in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco
132
Thanks to the availability of new drug treatments, the number of AIDS deaths have been declining during the past decade, but the epidemic continues to disproportionately affect which continent?
sub-Saharan Africa, home to 70 percent of all new HIV infections in 2012
133
By 1995, researchers succeeded in developing a new class of drugs known as _________ _________ and, in combination with some of the older drugs, they produced what is now known as HAART or _______ ________ ____________ ___________.
protease inhibitors; highly active antiretroviral therapy
134
How has heightened media awareness, especially the ubiquity of worldwide television coverage, affected the prominence of terrorism?
has exposed the grievances and demands of terrorists to millions of viewers, but it has also transformed the practice of terrorism
135
Acts of terror punctuated the era following what war as individuals and groups the world over attempted to destabilize or overthrow political systems within or outside the borders of their countries?
World War II
136
Give an example of terrorist conflicts throughout the world.
- anticolonial conflicts in Algeria and Vietnam
- struggles over a homeland between national groups like Israelis and Palestinians
- clashes between religious denominations such as Protestants and Catholics in Northern Island
- between revolutionary forces and established regimes in lands such as Indonesia, Iran, and Nicaragua
137
While there isn't a universally agreed-on definition of terrorism exists, but experts agree that a key feature of terrorism is the deliberate and systematic use of __________ against __________, with the aim of advancing political, religious, or ideological causes.
violence; civilians
138
The results of the US government's intensive investigation identified who as the mastermind behind the 9/11 terrorist attacks?
Osama bin Laden (1957-2011)
139
Which US president declared war on Osama bin Laden and global terrorism itself after 9/11?
George W. Bush (1946--)
140
Osama bin Laden headed what organization that was the core of global terrorist attacks?
al-Qaeda
141
Why did Osama bin Laden develop an unqualified hatred for the US and its allies?
by the end of the Persian Gulf War, began hating the US and its allies after the US stationed troops on the holy soil of Saudi Arabia, the bombing of Iraq, and supporting Israeli oppression of Palestinians
- convinced that he was carrying out God's will, publicly calling out every Muslim to kill Americans and their allies, moved to the forefront of Islamic violence
142
What Islamic State was created out of Islam's resurgence by the Taliban movement?
Afghanistan
143
Who were the Taliban, and when did they emerge?
emerged out of the disorder and devastation of the Afghan-Soviet war and the later civil war
- Strict Islamic organization that ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2002
- determined to create an Islamic state according to its own austere interpretation of Islam
144
Who are the majority ethnic group of Afghanistan?
Pashtuns
145
In pursuit of the purest Muslim state on earth, Taliban ____________ figured prominently, and Islamist strictures quickly __________ people both inside and outside Afghanistan.
intolerance; alienated
146
The Taliban provided sanctuary and training grounds for Islamist fights in southwest and central Asia, but most notably what group of fighters?
Osama bin laden and al-Qaeda
147
Describe the characteristics of the Taliban's strict brand of Islam.
- barred women from education and the workplace, women had to be completely veiled in burkas
- men had to eschew neckties and grow full, untrimmed beards
- ban on television, movie theaters, photographs, and most styles of music
148
How did the United Nations and most governments in the world recognize or not recognize the Taliban? What about others like the Taliban opposition force, the Northern Alliance?
UN and most governments withheld recognition of the Taliban as Afghanistan's legitimate government
- Northern Alliance formally recognized Taliban, but strongly opposed them
149
Smaller religious and ethnic groups, mainly Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazaras made up what larger group that worked as what Taliban opposition force?
Northern Alliance
150
Who became a crucial ally of the United States in its mission to find and punish those responsible for the 9/11 attacks?
the Northern Alliance
151
What was the goal of Operation Iraqi Freedom, coordinated by US president Bush in March 2003?
multinational coalition force some 300,000 strong, largely made up of US and British troops, but also two dozen other nations, carried out an invasion of Iraq designed to wage further war on terrorism by ousting the regime of Saddam Hussein
152
What were devastating implements of a
153
How much money did the Iraq War cost the United States?
1 trillion dollars
154
How many US soldiers lost their lives in the Iraq War?
almost 4,500 US soldiers, 30,000 wounded
155
How US president Barack Obama shift the war on terrorism?
shifted the war on terror away from Iraq and back to Afghanistan and Osama bin Laden
156
Because global economic and cultural ________________ demands that political activity focus on cross-societal concerns and solutions, ________ are under pressure to surrender portions of their sovereignty.
interdependence; nations
157
Explain why national governments have declined in their effectiveness.
global economic and cultural interdependence demands that political activity focus on cross-societal concerns and solutions, and nations forced to surrender portions of their sovereignty
- national borders become less important in the face of new economic and cultural connections
- widespread recognition that the national state is ill-equipped to handle problems of global magnitude
158
Why are nongovernmental international organizations and governmental international organizations important for tackling global problems?
they pick up where national governments fail to handle problems of global magnitude: they have the potential to tackle problems that do not respect territorial boundaries and are beyond the reach of national governments
159
Give one example of a nongovernmental organization (NGO).
the Red Cross, an international humanitarian agency
160
Who was a Swiss philanthropist who founded the Red Cross?
Jean Henri Dunant (1828-1910)
- Red Cross originally dedicated to alleviating the sufferings of wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians in time of war
161
What was signed by representatives of twelve nations and laid down the rules for the treatment of the wounded and the protection of medical personnel and hospitals in 1864?
the first Geneva Convention
162
The Geneva Convention adopted what as a symbol of neutral aid?
the red cross
163
What is the premier international governmental organization?
the United Nations
- attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity
164
Describe some flaws of the UN, but also its successes.
flawed in its role as an international peacemaker and a forum for conflict resolution
- compiled an enviable record with respect to "achiev[ing] international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character"
165
Quietly and without attracting attention from the news media, the specialized agencies of the UN have achieved what successes? Give a few examples.
1. 1980, the World Health Organization proclaimed the worldwide eradication of smallpox as a result of its 13-year global program
2. UN efforts resulted in more than a 50% decrease in both infant and child mortality rates in developing countries between 1960 and 2002
3. also promoted increase in female literacy, especially in Africa, where the majority of women 50.8% in 2000, were deemed to be literate
4. worked to provide access to safe water for over one billion people living in rural areas
166
Universal recognition and acceptance of the concept of human rights came in the aftermath of World War ____, especially with the exposure of crimes that the _______ regime unleashed on its own citizens and all those that had come under Nazi control during the war.
II; Nazi
167
In 1948, the National Assembly of the UN adopted what declaration, which contributed to the codification of international human rights laws?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
168
What are two nongovernmental organizations that share the concern for human rights, and bring the pressure of world public opinion to bear on offending governments?
Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch
169
Describe some shortcomings of international organizations or hurdles to international coordination to solve global problems?
1. meetings, talks, and consultations frequently deteriorate into arguments
2. societies at different stages of economic development have pursued sometimes conflicting social and political goals
3. cultural diversity continues to make it difficult for people to speak a common language
170
Women gained more economic, political, social, and sexual rights in highly _____________ states than in ____________ nations, but _________ have they achieved full equality with men.
industrialized; developing; nowhere
171
What percentage of the workforce is made up of women industrial societies compared to developing countries and Islamic societies?
Industrial societies: 40-50% of the workforce
Developing countries: 20%
Islamic societies: 10% or less
172
Rural African women do how much of the continent's subsistence farming and produce how much of Africa's food?
rural African women do most of the continent's subsistence farming and produce more than 70% of Africa's food
173
After World War II, how did women react to their new roles in the workplace, and how did they view their role in the greater society?
more and more women went to work, women started to protest job discrimination, pay differentials between women and men, and their lack of legal equality
- 1960s, complaints expanded into a feminist movement that criticized all aspects of gender inequality
174
How did the US's civil rights movement demanding equality for African-Americans influence the women's movement?
it provided a training ground for many women activists
175
What US Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of both race and sex?
US Civil Rights Act of 1964
176
Legally, the position of women most closely matched that of men in ____________ or formerly communist countries such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, and China.
communist
177
Explain why China's women have never gained true equality despite the communist regime's dedication to women's rights.
- few women have gained high status in the Communist Party's leadership
- most women in China have full-time jobs outside the home, they do not receive wages equal to those of men
178
Long-standing ____________ values continue to degrade the status of women, especially in ________ areas of China.
Confucian; rural
179
What was one unintended consequence of China's population policies, which limited couples to one child?
the mysterious statistical disappearance of a large number of baby girls
- demographers estimate that annually more than half a million female births go unrecorded in government statistics
- speculate that continued preference for male children causes parents to send baby girls away for adoption, to be raised secretly, to single them out for infanticide
180
In Arab and Muslim lands, women are ______ as likely as men to be illiterate, and in some places, _______ of ten women are illiterate.
twice; nine
181
While Arab and Muslim lands have made improvements in the past 50 years to improve the literacy of women, what has happened to the status of girls and women in India?
2010: female literacy reached 50.8%, but women remain largely confined to their home
- labor force participation remained low
- less than 1/4 of women of all ages were engaged in work, while the birthrate remained high even with greater availability of birth control measures
182
To what cultural custom is the stagnant status of girls and women in south Asian societies owed to?
the prevalence of dowry deaths and payment of dowries upon marriage
- the birth of girl children in India is so burdensome because of the custom of paying dowries to the husband and his family upon a woman's marriage
- requirement has become difficult for many Indian families to meet
183
What are dowry deaths?
if the husband his family perceive the new wife's dowry as inadequate, or wants a new wife without returning his first wife's dowry, the wife is doused with kerosene and set on fire, so that her death can be explained as a cooking accident
- in 2010, government of India reported 8,391 dowry deaths, though unofficial estimates put the number closer to 25,000
- not just restricted to India and Hindu women, but spread through South Asia--same in Pakistan, not just limited to payment of dowries
184
How was Candrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga significant to the government of Sri Lanka?
they became the first female president of Sri Lanka
- her mother was the first woman prime minister in 1960
- Kumaratunga appointed her mother to serve a third term as prime minister
185
What is a common thread between women in positions of power in various developing countries (in terms of how they come to power or grew up related to politics)?
many of them emerged as leaders, having derived much political authority from their fathers having previously held positions of power
- ex: Indira Gandhi (India), Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar), Benazir Bhuto (Pakistan), Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga (Sri Lanka)
186
After assuming the leadership of the democracy movement following her father's assassination, what did Aung San Suu Kyi call for, which ultimately led to the Myanmar government placing her under house arrest?
called for a nonviolent revolution against Myanmar's "fascist government"
187
What new political institution did Aung San Suu Kyi create while under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 by the Myanmar government?
the "gateside meeting", speaking to her followers from behind the gates of her home
- allowed her and her party to win a landslide victory, but they were not allowed to come to power, remained under house arrest for the next two decades, released in 2010, remained clearly committed to the democratization of her nation
188
The United Nations launched what program in 1975, and since then global conferences on the status of women have been held regularly, attracting large crowds?
the Decade for Women program
189
How did the war with Iraq influence the roles of Iranian women in society/how they viewed their roles in society despite the Islamic revolution severely limiting their opportunities?
Iranian women became revolutionaries during the war, picking up guns and receiving weapons training: protected their national borders, while defying gender boundaries
190
What does internal migration describe?
the flow of people from rural to urban areas within one society
191
What does external migration describe?
the movement of people across long distances and international borders
192
What are some examples of push factors for migration?
lack of resources such as land or adequate food supplies, population pressure, religious or political persecution, or discriminatory practices aimed at ethnic minorities
193
What are some examples of pull factors that encourage people to migration?
opportunities for better employment, the availability of arable land, better services such as health care and education
194
The largest human migrations today are _______-________ flows.
rural; urban
195
In what societies does the proportion of people living in urban areas exceed 75 percent/are the most highly urbanized societies?
western and Northern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and temperate South America and North America
196
In what country does the proportion of people living in urban areas exceed 97%?
Belgium
197
In Latin America, Africa, and South Asia, large numbers of people have migrated to metropolitan areas in search of relief from rural poverty, yet despite choosing to leave their ways of life, what has life in the slums, shantytowns, barriadas, barrios, and villas miserias looked like for them?
few services originally available to the slum dwellers have diminished with the continuous influx of new people, disease runs rampant, unemployed, underemployed, suffer from malnutrition, more than 10 million people crammed in the cities
198
The largest migrations in the second half of the 20th century have consisted of what?
refugees fleeing war
199
During WWII, the Nazi regime initiated the largest mass expulsions of the 20th century, deporting _____ million people to forced-labor sites and extermination camps.
8
200
Approximately ______ million people currently live outside their country of citizenship, collectively constituting a "nation of migrants" equivalent to the size of _______, the world's eighth most populous nation.
130; Japan
201
Since 1960, some ____ million "guest workers" from southern Europe, Turkey, and Northern Africa have taken up permanent residence in Western Europe, and more than ____ million permanent migrants--mostly from Mexico--have entered the United States.
13; 10
202
Many migrants leave their home countries because they want to escape the ravages of war, but economic ___________ between societies have caused most _____________ migration.
inequities; international
(more people leave in search of better jobs and more readily available health care, educational opportunities, and other services provided by the new society)
- most contemporary mass migrations involve movement from developing countries to developed ones
203
Explain how the arrival of migrants have sparked resentment and conflict in host countries.
- people in host countries often believe that foreigners and their way of life undermine national identity, especially if defined by language and other cultural characteristics
- many view migrants, who are often willing to work for low wages and not join labor unions, as competitors for jobs
- when unemployment rates climb, migrants frequently blamed
- xenophobia produces violence and racial tension
204
What is xenophobia?
an unreasonable fear of foreigners
205
Give an example of when xenophobia produced violence and racial tension.
- in England, skinheads (shaved-head youths) assaulted members of ethnic minority groups
- neo-Nazis in Germany bombed the community centers of Turkish workers
206
Industrial society gave birth to mass tourism by providing both safer and faster transport and by institutionalizing what two modern features of social life?
leisure and travel
207
What did the affluent in Europe do in the early and mid-1800s that gave birth to the practice of vacationing?
it became fashionable in Europe for the affluent to vacation, often for extended periods, and then later in the century working people began to copy the fashions of the wealthy
- took to the road to escape industrial city and created working-class pleasure zones
- people began journeying for pleasure and engaging in activities they normally did not do
208
By the 20th century, leisure travel took on what added symbolic value for travelers?
travelers could show off the special clothes required for their journeys, such as ski apparel or bikinis
- others established that they had traveled through changes in their physical appearance
209
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council estimates, the total economic value of goods and services attributable to tourism in 2010 was _____ trillion, or 9.2% of the gross global product.
$5.7
210
The attraction of an industry that generates wealth and jobs relatively quickly--and often with __________ investment compared with establishing a manufacturing industry, for example--has served as a powerful incentive for both __________ and ____________ in the developed and the developing worlds to further promote tourism.
minimal; governments; businesses
211
What is a downside of tourism, in terms of the distribution of profits?
tourism most often creates low-paying jobs, most of the profits flow to the developed world, where the majority of tourism businesses are located
212
Tourism has acted as a ____________ influence, sometimes initiating dramatic and ____________ changes within the cultural traditions of host communities.
globalizing; irreversible
213
Religious rituals, ethnic rites, and festivals are reduced and sanitized to conform to tourist expectations, resulting in what?
a "reconstructed ethnicity"
