Chapter 3 (1) Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
define gastroenterology
A
the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system
2
Q
mechanical digestion
A
breaks up food with physical force and movement
3
Q
mastication
A
tearing, chewing and grinding of food by the teeth
4
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing food
5
Q
peristalsis
A
movement of food via muscular contractions
6
Q
what is anorexia?
A
decreased appetite
7
Q
orex/o-
A
appetite
8
Q
what is dysphagia?
A
difficult or painful eating or swallowing
9
Q
phag/o-
A
eating or swallowing
10
Q
what is polyphagia?
A
excessive overeating
11
Q
what is glossitis?
A
infection or inflammation of the tongue
12
Q
gloss/o-
A
tongue
13
Q
what is sialolithiasis?
A
presence of stone in a salivary gland that blocks saliva and causes swelling
14
Q
sial/o-
A
saliva
15
Q
lith/o-
A
stone
16
Q
what is stomatitis?
A
inflammation of the oral mucosa
17
Q
stomat/o-
A
mouth
18
Q
what is dyspepsia?
A
epigastric pain; indigestion
19
Q
peps/o-
A
digestion
20
Q
what is gastritis?
A
inflammation of the stomach
21
Q
what is esophageal varix?
A
swollen, protruding vein in the esophageal mucosa
22
Q
define varix
A
dilated, swollen vein in the mucosa
23
Q
define gastroenteritis
A
infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines
24
Q
define gastroesophageal reflux disease
A
chronic irritation due to reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus; due to failure of esophageal sphincter to close
25
define pyrosis
temporary heartburn; irritation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid
26
pyr/o-
burning, fire
27
define hematemesis
vomiting of blood
28
hemat/o-
blood
29
-emesis
vomiting
30
define nausea & vomiting
nausea is unpleasant, queasy feeling in stomach; vomiting is expulsion of stomach contents through mouth
31
define peptic ulcer disease
chronic irritation and erosion of the mucosa due to an ulcer
32
where can you get a peptic ulcer?
stomach, esophagus, duodenum
33
what causes peptic ulcer disease?
main: H. pylori
other causes: HCl, stress and drugs
34
define adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in the mucosal glands; often caused by H. pylori
35
aden/o-
gland
36
carcin/o-
cancer
37
define ileus; what does the word ileus mean?
absence of normal peristalsis
ileus means to roll; colic
38
causes of ileus
mechanical obstruction, infection, trauma, post-op from surgery
39
define intussusception
telescoping of one intestinal segment inside another
40
intussuscept/o-
receive within
41
define volvulus / malrotation
twisting or rotating of the small intestine
42
volvere
to roll
43
mal-
bad
44
rotat/o-
rotate
45
define appendicitis
inflammation and infection of the appendix
46
define colon cancer
cancerous tumor of the colon that develops when colonic polyps or ulcerative colitis become cancerous
47
define diverticulum
weakness in the colon wall forms a pouch
48
define diverticulitis
inflammation due to feces getting trapped in diverticulum; often causes by low fiber diet
49
define gluten sensitivity enteropathy
celiac disease; autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to gluten, damages small intestine
50
divert (Latin)
deviation
51
define inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammation of parts of the small and large intestines
52
what are two subsets of inflammatory bowel disease?
Crohn disease: affects ileum and colon
ulcerative colitis: affects colon and rectum; can cause ulcers
53
define irritable bowel syndrome
condition with cramping, pain, diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and excessive mucous but no inflammation
54
define polyposis
numerous polyps: fleshy, benign growths in the mucosa
55
polyp-
polyp
56
define hemorrhoids
swollen, protruding veins in the rectum or anus
57
hemorrh/o-
flowing of blood
58
-oid
resembling
59
define proctitis
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation treatments for cancer
60
proct/o-
rectum and anus
61
define rectocele
hernia in wall of rectum; causes rectal wall to protrude into vaginal wall
62
rect/o-
rectum
63
-cele
hernia
64
define constipation
failure to have regular bowel movements
65
constip/o-
compacted feces
66
define diarrhea
abnormally frequent, loose and watery feces; involves increased peristalsis
67
dia-
through
68
-rrhea
discharge or flow
69
define flatulence
excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines
70
flatul/o-
flatus/gas
71
-ence
state
72
define hematochezia
blood in feces
73
chez/o-
pass feces
74
define steatorrhea
feces that contains undigested fats die to lack of enzyme lipase
75
steat/o-
fat
76
define hernia
latin for rupture
77
two types of hernia:
hiatal hernia: bulging of the stomach through the diaphragm
inguinal hernia: occurs in groin
78
what does bright red blood in the feces indicate
lower GI bleed
79
what does melena (dark blood) in the feces indicate?
stomach or esophagus bleed
80
define peritonitis
inflammation or infection of peritoneum that occurs when the stomach or duodenal wall breaks or the appendix ruptures
81
periton/o-
peritoneum
82
what is ascites?
accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity (liver isn’t functioning properly)
83
what is cirrhosis?
chronic, progressive inflammation and degeneration of the liver
84
cirrh/o-
yellow
85
what is hepatomegaly?
enlargement of the liver
86
what is hepatitis?
infection and inflammation of the liver by the hepatitis virus
87
what is jaundice?
yellow discoloration of skin and whites of eyes due to bilirubin in the blood
88
jaund/o-
yellow
89
-ice
state
90
what is hepatoma?
(liver cancer) secondary cancer that began elsewhere and metastasized in the liver
91
bili/o-
bile
92
chol/e-
bile
93
cholecyst/o-
gallbladder
94
cholangi/o-
bile duct
95
choledoch/o-
common bile duct
96
what is cholangiocarcinoma
gallbladder cancer
97
what is cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts due to cirrhosis or gallstone
98
what is cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder due to blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone
99
what is cholelithiasis?
gallstones in the gallbladder
100
what is choledocholithiasis?
gallstones in the common bile duct
101
what is adenocarcinoma?
pancreatic cancer
102
what is pancreatitis?
inflammation or infection of the pancreas
103
what is albumin?
major protein molecule in the blood, produced by the liver, low level may indicate liver disease
104
what is culture & sensitivity?
fecal test in which bacterial colonies are grown in culture for identification and testing of antibiotics
105
what is a fecal occult blood test?
fecal test to determine if non-visible blood is present in feces
106
what is gastric analysis?
measures HCl in the stomach; uses nasogastric tube to collect stomach contents
107
what is a liver function test?
blood tests giving comprehensive picture of liver function
108
what is ova and parasites?
fecal test that determines whether parasites are in the GI system
109
what is a barium enema?
x-rays taken after injection with liquid contrast medium barium into the rectum/colon
110
what is a cholangiography?
x-ray taken after injection with iodinated contrast dye to outline bile ducts
111
what is computerized axial tomography?
x-rays taken in successive slices to create images of abdominal organs and structures
112
what is a flat plate of the abdomen?
x-ray taken without contrast dye as the patient lies supine
113
gallbladder ultrasound
picture of gallbladder to show wall thickening or stones
114
what is magnetic resonance imaging?
images taken in successive slides using strong magnetic field
115
what is an upper gastrointestinal series?
continuous, moving x-ray taken after ingestion of liquid barium; visualization of upper GI tract
116
what is a nasogastric tube?
tube through nose and into stomach to remove stomach contents or give food/drugs
117
what is an enema?
insertion of water tube into rectum to stimulate bowel movement
118
what do antacid drugs do?
neutralize stomach acid; treats heartburn
119
what do antibiotic drugs do?
treat bacterial infections
120
what do antidiarrheal drugs do?
treat diarrhea by slowing down peristalsis to increase water absorption
121
what do antiemetic drugs do?
treats nausea and vomiting
122
what to H2 blocker drugs do?
block histamine receptors in stomach to treat GERD and PUD
123
what do laxative drugs do?
treat constipation by softening feces (pulls water into bowel)
124
what do proton pump inhibitor drugs do?
block production of HCl in stomach to treat GERD and PUD (Prilosec)
125
what is abdominocentesis?
removal of fluid from abdomen using needle
126
centesis-
procedure to puncture
127
what is an appendectomy?
removal of infected appendix
128
what is bariatric surgery?
surgery for severe obesity that limits food intake and nutrient absorption
129
what is a biopsy?
removal of small piece of tissue from an ulcer,polyp, growth; examined for cancerous cells
130
what is bowel resection and anastomosis?
removal of a portion of diseased intestine (resection) and joining of the intestine back together (anastomosis)
131
what is a cholecystectomy?
removal of the gallbladder
132
what is choledocholithotomy?
surgery to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove gallstone
133
what is a colostomy?
removal of diseased part of colon and creation of opening in abdominal wall for feces to pass through
134
what is an endoscopy?
examination of GI system with a flexible endoscope
135
what is a colonoscopy?
process of using an instrument to examine the colon
136
what is an exploratory laparotomy?
exploration of abdominopelvic cavity for evidence of disease or trauma
137
what is a gastrectomy?
removal of all or part of stomach due to cancer
138
what is gastrostomy?
procedure to create opening in the abdominal wall to place a feeding tube
139
-stomy
surgically created opening
140
what is hemorrhoidectomy?
removal of hemorrhoids from rectum or anus
141
what is a herniorrhaphy?
closure (suturing) of defect in abdominal muscle wall where there is a hernia
142
herni/o-
hernia
143
-rrhaphy
process of suturing
144
what is a jejunostomy?
creation of an opening from the abdominal wall into jejunum to insert feeding tube
145
what is liver transplantion
removal of severely damaged liver and insertion of donor liver
146
what is a polypectomy?
removal of polyps from the colon
147
ABD
abdomen
148
ALP
alkaline phosphate
149
ALT
alanine aminotransferase; alanine transaminase
150
AST
aspartate aminotransferase; aspartate transaminase
151
BE
barium enema
152
BM
bowel movement
153
C&S
culture & sensitivity
154
CAT, CT
computerized axial tomography
155
CBD
common bile duct
156
CLO
campylobacter-like organism
157
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
158
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
159
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
160
GGTP, GGT
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
161
GI
gastrointestinal
162
HAV
hepatitis A virus
163
HBV
hepatitis B virus
164
HCV
hepatitis C virus
165
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
166
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
167
LFTs
liver function tests
168
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
169
N&V
nausea and vomiting
170
NG
nasogastric
171
O&P
ova and parasites
172
OCG
oral cholecystogram; oral cholecystography
173
PEG
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
174
PEJ
percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
175
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
176
UGI
upper gastrointestinal (series)
