Chapter 9 (2) Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
what is anencephaly
A
congenital condition where all or part of the cranium and cerebrum are missing
2
Q
an-
A
without
3
Q
-cephaly
A
condition of the brain
4
Q
what is amnesia
A
partial or total loss of memory due to damage to the hippocampus
5
Q
amnes/o
A
memory loss
6
Q
-ia
A
condition of
7
Q
what is aphasia
A
loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing
8
Q
what is brain death
A
irreversible loss of brain function; confirmed by a EEG that is flat and indicating no brain activity for 30 min
9
Q
what is a brain tumor
A
benign or malignant tumor in any area of the brain that arise in neuroglia or meninges
10
Q
what is a astrocytoma
A
malignant tumor from astrocytes in the cerebrum
11
Q
what is an ependymoma
A
benign tumor from ependymal cells in the ventricles and central spinal canal
12
Q
what is a glioblastoma multiforme
A
malignant tumor from immature astrocytes in the cerebrum
13
Q
what is a glioma
A
benign or malignant tumor from any neuroglial cell
14
Q
why is a lymphoma
A
malignant tumor from the microglia in the cerebrum
15
Q
what is a meningioma
A
benign tumor from the meninges around the brain or spinal cord
16
Q
what is an oligodendroglioma
A
malignant tumor from the oligodendroglia in the cerebrum
17
Q
what is a schwannoma
A
benign tumor from the schwann cells that produce myelin near the cranial or spinal nerves
18
Q
what is cephalalgia
A
a headache
19
Q
cephal/o
A
head
20
Q
alg/o-
A
pain
21
Q
what is cerebral palsy
A
caused by lack of oxygen to the brain at birth
causes spastic muscles, lack of coordination, paralysis, seizures, and intellectual disability
22
Q
what is a cerebrovascular accident
A
disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain that causes an infarct/stroke
23
Q
what is a coma
A
state of deep unconsciousness and unresponsiveness
24
Q
what is delirium
A
acute confusion, disorientation, and agitation due to toxic levels of chemicals, drugs, alcohol
25
what is a concussion
immediate loss of consciousness due to sudden impact of the brain with the cranium
26
what is a neurocognitive disorder
disease of the brain in which many neurons die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and mental function deteriorates
(dementia)
27
what are alzheimer, parkinson, and multiple sclerosis examples of
neurocognitive disorder
28
what is down syndrome
genetic defect created by random error in cell division that causes three copies of chromosome 21 in the genes rather than two copies
29
what is dyslexia
difficulty reading and writing words
30
dys-
difficult
31
lex/o-
word
32
what is encephalitis
inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a viral infection
33
what is epilepsy
recurring condition in which groups of neurons in the brain send out abnormal, uncontrolled electrical impulses
34
what is a tonic-clonic seizure
body alternates between excess muscle tone (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic)
35
what is an absence seizure
patient is conscious with slight or no muscle activity
36
what is a complex partial seizure
patient has some degree of impaired consciousness with some involuntary contractions
37
what is a simple partial seizure
patient has no impaired consciousness but cannot stop involuntary motor activity
38
what is hydrocephalus
excessive CSF or blocked CSF flow in the brain that causes increased pressure
39
hydr/o-
water
40
-cephalus
head
41
what is a hematoma
localized collection of blood due to cranial trauma or hemorrhage
42
what is meningitis
infection and inflammation of the meninges due to bacterium or virus
43
what is a migraine headache
recurring headache with severe, throbbing pain on one side of the head
44
what is narcolepsy
brief episodes of involuntarily falling asleep while engaged in daytime activities
45
narco
to put to sleep
46
what is parkinson disease
chronic, degenerative disease caused by imbalance in dopamine and acetylcholine levels
47
what is syncope
temporary loss of consciousness associated with decrease blood flow to brain
48
what is a neural tube defect
congenital abnormality of the neural tube (an embryonic spinal structure)
49
what is radiculopathy
acute or chronic condition of pressure and pain on spinal nerve roots
50
radix
root
51
what is a spinal cord injury (SCI)
partial or complete transection of the spinal cord
52
para
abnormal; two parts
53
pleg/o-
paralysis
54
quadri-
four
55
what is anesthesia
loss of sensation of any type; can be temporary or permanent
56
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig disease)
chronic, progressive disease of the motor nerves that go from the spinal cord to the muscles
57
what is bell palsy
weakness, drooping, or paralysis on one side of the face due to facial nerve inflammation (usually temporary)
58
what is carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
chronic condition caused by repetitive hand and wrist motions
59
carp/o-
wrist
60
what is guillain-barre syndrome
autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against myelin in PNS
61
what is hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to touch and pain stimuli
62
hyper
above normal
63
esthes/o-
feeling or sensation
64
what is multiple sclerosis
chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin in the CNS
65
what is neuralgia
pain along the path of a nerve and its branches caused by injury
66
neur/o
nerve
67
gemin/o-
group
68
neuritis
infection or inflammation of a nerve
69
what is polyneuritis
neuritis that affects many nerves
70
what is a neuroma
benign tumor of a nerve
71
what is neuropathy
general term for any type of nerve disease
72
-pathy
disease
73
what is paresthesia
condition of abnormal tingling or burning sensation of the skin
74
what is alpha fetoprotein
amniotic fluid test to determine if a fetus has meningocele or meningomyelocele
75
amni/o-
to prick
76
cent-
surgical to puncture
77
how is fluid collected in alpha fetoprotein
amniocentesis
78
what is CSF examination
visually examines color and clarity of CSF
microscopically examines cells in CSF
chemically tests CSF for proteins
79
what is cerebral angiography
contrast dye and x rays that outline the arteries of the brain
80
what is computed axial tomography (CT, CAT)
x ray slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, or spinal cord used to create a complete image
81
what is doppler ultrasonography
high frequency sound waves that produce a two-dimensional image of stenosis, plaque, or turbulence in carotid arteries
82
what is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field and radio waves that create image slices of the cranium, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord to create a full image
83
what is positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive glucose that releases positrons that create an image of cellular and metabolic activity
84
what is a skull x ray
x ray of the skull that uses no contrast dye and shows only bone
85
what is electroencephalography (EEG)
electrodes placed on head and connected to a machine to record electrical activity of the brain
86
what is evoked potential testing
EEG and stimulus used to record changes in brain waves
87
what is a nerve conduction study
two electrodes places at measured intervals used to determine the speed at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve
88
what is polysomnography
EEG and eye movement, muscle activity, heartbeat, and respiration measurements taken while a patient sleeps
89
somnus
sleep
90
what is the babinski sign
test of reflexes on the sole of the foot
91
what is the glasgow coma scale (GCS)
numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma
92
what is a lumbar puncture (LP)
procedure to obtain CSF for lab testing or test pressure of CSF
93
what is a mini mental state examination
tests concrete and abstract thinking and long and short term memory
- if patient can state their name, date, and location they are oriented x3
94
what does high alpha fetoprotein indicate?
neural tube defect
95
what is a neurologic examination
tests coordination, sensation, balance, and gait
96
what is spinal traction
immobilization of fractured spine during healing
97
what is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
regular electrical impulses that block the transmission of pain sensations and stimulate production of endorphins
98
what are analgesics
take away pain associated with nervous diseases
99
what are antiepileptics
prevent seizures associated with epilepsy
100
what are corticosteroids
treat inflammation associated with chronic pain and MS
101
what are alzheimers disease drugs
inhibit the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
102
what are neuralgia and neuropathy drugs
include anticonvulsants, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressants
103
what are parkinson disease drugs
stimulate dopamine receptors and inhibit the action of acetylcholine
104
what is an aneurysmectomy
removal of aneurysm and repair of the artery
105
what is a biopsy
removal of a mass or tumor of the brain or other part of the nervous system
106
what is carotid endarterectomy
removal of plaque from within the carotid artery
107
end/o
innermost
108
arter/o-
artery
109
what is a craniotomy
initial incision into the cranium to expose the brain prior to any type of brain surgery
110
what is a diskectomy
removal of all or part of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk
111
what is a laminectomy
removal of the lamina to relieve pressure on spinal roots and decrease pain of a herniated nucleus pulposus
112
what is stereotactic neurosurgery
use of a 3D coordinate system to pinpoint the location of a deep brain tumor
- heat, cold or gamma rays are then used to destroy the tumor
113
what is a ventriculoperitoneal shunt
tube used to remove excess CSF from the ventricles of the brain and transport it to the peritoneal cavity for reabsorption
114
ventricul/o-
chamber that is filled
115
peritone/o-
peritoneaum
116
AFP
alpha fetoprotein
117
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
118
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
119
BAEP
brainstem auditory evoked potential
120
BAER
brainstem auditory evoked response
121
CAT, CT
computerized axial tomography
122
CNS
central nervous system
123
CP
cerebral palsy
124
CRPS
complex regional pain syndrome
125
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
126
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
127
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
128
DT
delirium tremens
129
EEG
electroencephalogram
130
GCS
glasgow coma scale
131
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
132
ICP
intracranial pressure
133
LOC
loss of consciousness
134
LP
lumbar puncture
135
MMSE
mini mental state examination
136
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
137
MS
multiple sclerosis
138
NCD
neurocognitive disorder
139
NICU
neurologic intensive care unit
140
PET
positron emission tomography
141
REM
rapid eye movement
142
RIND
reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
143
SCI
spinal cord injury
144
SSEP
somatosensory evoked potential
145
SSER
somatosensory evoked response
146
TBI
traumatic brain injury
147
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
148
TIA
transient ischemic attack
149
VEP
visual evoked potential
150
VER
visual evoked response
