Chapter 6 (3) Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
define hematology
A
medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood
2
Q
define immunology
A
medical specialty of the lymphatic system and immune response
3
Q
what is hemorrhage
A
loss of a large amount of blood due to disease or injury; injury often arterial
4
Q
hem/o -
A
blood
5
Q
-rrhage
A
excessive discharge/ flow
6
Q
what is septicemia
A
severe bacterial infection that spreads from tissue to blood and affects the entire body
7
Q
what is sepsis the result of
A
septicemia
8
Q
septic/o-
A
infection
9
Q
-emia
A
condition of the blood
10
Q
what is anemia
A
decrease in the number of erythrocytes
11
Q
causes of anemia
A
insufficient consumption of iron, red bone marrow damage from cancer, radiation, therapy or chemo, excessive bleed loss due to hemorrhage, menstruation or chronic bleeding
12
Q
an-
A
not, without
13
Q
what does iron-deficiency anemia result in
A
lower oxygen delivery to tissues due to insuffficient hemoglobin
14
Q
what are microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes characteristic of?
A
iron deficiency anemia
15
Q
micr/o-
A
small
16
Q
cyt/o-
A
cell
17
Q
hypo-
A
below
18
Q
chrom/o-
A
color
19
Q
what is pernicious anemia
A
occurs when there is too little vitamin B12 in diet or stomach does not absorb B12, which is needed for red blood cell production
20
Q
what is sickle cell anemia
A
occurs when here is an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin
21
Q
what causes abnormal hemoglobin to crystallize
A
low oxygen or dehydration
22
Q
what happens when RBCs sickle?
A
blocks blood flow through vessels, may cause severe pain or stroke
23
Q
characteristics of sickle RBCs
A
fragile, only survive 10-20 days
24
Q
what is a transfusion reaction
A
reaction that occurs when a patient is given a transfusion of the wrong blood type
25
what happens to donor erythrocytes during a transfusion reaction
recipient antibodies attack antigens on donor erythrocytes, causing them to undergo hemolysis
26
lysis
destroy
27
trans-
across
28
fus/o-
pouring
29
-ion
condition
30
Which blood type is universal donor
O-
31
can a person with type O blood receive type A blood
No
32
can a person with AB blood receive B blood
Yes
33
what is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infects helper T cells
34
what is leukemia
cancer of the lymphocytes with excessive numbers of immature leukocytes in red marrow
35
what does leukemia lead to
anemia, hemorrhage, increased susceptibility to infection, easy bruising
36
leuk/o-
white
37
what is mononucleosis
infectious disease caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) that causes lymph node enlargement, fever, and fatigue
38
mon/o-
one
39
nucle/o-
nucleus
40
-osis
abnormal condition
41
what cells are crucial for blood clotting
thrombocytes
42
what is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
a thrombus (blood clot) that forms in a deep vein of the lower leg
43
when may DVT occur
post surgery (time periods of bed rest or immobilization)
44
what is hemophilia
inherited genetic condition that causes a deficiency of clotting factor
45
consequences of hemophilia
injured patients bleed for long periods of time, minor injuries can cause external or internal bleeding
46
phil/o-
fondness for
47
-ia
condition
48
what is thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage marrow
49
thromb/o-
blood clot
50
cyt/o-
cell
51
-penia
condition of deficiency
52
what is graft vs host disease (GVHD)
immune reaction of donor tissue against the recipient
53
when may GVHD occur
after bone marrow transplant
54
what is lymphadenopathy
enlargement of the lymph nodes that can be felt in the neck, armpit, or groin
55
what is lympedema
generalized swelling in the limb after removal of lymph nodes; tissue fluid cannot drain like normal
56
what is elephantiasis
lymphedema caused by a parasite
57
what is a lymphoma
cancerous tumor of lymph cells, nodes, or tissues
58
what is splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen that is felt by palpating
59
splen/o-
spleen
60
-megaly
enlargement
61
what is a thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland that is usually benign; often occurs with autoimmune diseases
62
what does type 1 diabetes affect
pancreas
63
what does Grave’s disease affect
thyroid
64
what does Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affect
thyroid
65
what does gluten sensitivity enteropathy affect
intestines
66
what does inflammatory bowel affect
intestines
67
what does multiple sclerosis affect
nerves
68
what does myasthenia gravis affect
muscles
69
what does psoriasis affect
skin
70
what does scleroderma affect
skin and blood vessels
71
what does vitiligo affect
skin
72
what does rheumatoid arthritis affect
joints
73
what does systemic lupus erythematosus affect
connective tissue, skin, kidneys, lungs
74
what is a blood smear
blood smeared on glass slide and hematoxylin and eosin dyes are applied
75
when is a blood smear performed
as a follow up to a complete blood count (CBC)
76
what is type and crossmatch
determines ABO blood type and Rh factor of recipient and donor blood
77
what does agglutination mean
two blood types are not compatible
78
ad-
to
79
glutin
stick together
80
what is a complete blood count
group of blood tests performed together to determine number, type, and characteristics of formed elements
81
what two factors does the CBC account for
hematocrit and hemoglobin
82
what is a coagulation time test
measure the length of time it takes blood to clot
83
what are the results of a coagulation time test reported as
international normalized ratio (INR), no matter the test type
84
what is blood chemistries
measure the levels of substances in the blood (electrolytes, albumin, bilirubin, glucose, LDL, uric acid, creatinine)
85
what is ferritin
indirectly measures the amount of iron stored in the body by measuring the amount present in the blood
86
what does ferritin detect
iron deficiency anemia
87
what is blood donation
procedure in which a unit of whole blood is collected from a donor
88
what is blood transfusion
procedure in which donor blood is given to a recipient
89
what does whole blood correct
blood loss
90
what do packed red blood cells do
avoid fluid overload
91
when are platelets given
thrombocytopenia or cancer
92
when is plasma given
patients w hemophilia
93
what is autologous blood transfusion
reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
94
what is a phlebotomy
procedure to make a small hole in the vein and collect a blood sample with a vacuum tube
95
phleb/o-
vein
96
-tomy
process of cutting or making an incision
97
what is plasmapheresis
procedure that separates a unit of donated blood into red blood cells and plasma
98
what is vaccination
injection of dead or weakened pathogen that enables the body to create antibodies and memory cells to convey protection on later exposure
99
what do anticoagulants do
prevent blood clots by inhibiting clotting factors
100
what do corticosteroids do
suppress immune response to decrease inflammation and organ rejection
101
what do erythropoietin drugs do
stimulate red bone marrow to make erythrocytes
102
erythro-
red
103
poiesis
to make
104
what do immunosuppressant drugs due
suppress immune system to prevent organ rejection
105
what do nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs do
retroviral drug for the treatment of HIV
106
what is bone marrow aspiration
aspiration and removal of the red bone marrow from the hip bone
107
why is bone marrow aspiration done
to diagnose and monitor leukemia or to harvest donor marrow
108
what is a lymph node biopsy
removal of tissue from a lymph node using a fine needle to test for cancer cells in the node
109
what is a stem cell (or bone marrow) transplant
transplantation of red bone marrow
110
what is a lymph node dissection
separation of lymph nodes from the surrounding tissue and removal of nodes from a chain; done to look for cancer metastasis
111
what is a splenectomy
removal of the spleen after rupture or accident
112
what is a thymectomy
removal of the thymus because of benign tumor, cancerous tumor, or myasthenia gravis
113
thym/o-
thymus
114
-ectomy
surgical removal
115
ACT
activated clotting time
116
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
117
CBC
complete blood count
118
DVT
deep venous thrombosis
119
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
120
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
121
H&H
hemoglobin and hematocrit
122
HCT
hematocrit
123
Hgb
Hemoglobin
124
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
125
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
126
INR
international normalized ratio
127
lymphs
lymphocytes
128
mono
mononucleosis
129
monos
monocytes
130
PRBCs
packed red blood cells
131
RBC
red blood cell
132
WBC
white blood cell
