Chapter 3

Question 1

Organ

Organ system

Answer 1

a structure that is made up of more than 1 tissue that perfoms a specialized function

A group of organs that woek together to perform a specific task

Question 2

Respiratory system

Answer 2

• Lungs
• trachea
• air passageways

supplies blood with O2 and removes CO2

Question 3

Urinary system

Answer 3

• Kidneys and associated structures

eliminates wastes and regulates the balance of water, electrolytes, and acid in the blood.

* Eliminates metabolic waste products*

Question 4

Endocrine system

Answer 4

• pituitary gland
• adrenal gland
• thyroid gland

secretes that regulate process such as growth, reprodution, and nutrient use

*HORMONES*

Question 5

Digestive system organs

Answer 5

• mouth
• pharynx
• salivary glands
• esophagus
• liver
• stomach
• pancreas
• gallbaldder
• small intestine
• large intestine
• anus
  *

Question 6

Digestion

Answer 6

Breaking down of food into nutrients so they can be absorbed

Question 7

Absorption

Answer 7

goes from inside the lumen to the body

Question 8

Mucus

Answer 8

secreated from mucosal cells lining the digestive tract

• moistens
• lubricates
• protects

Question 9

Enzymes

Answer 9

speed up reactions

for digestion, they help break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Question 10

hormones

Answer 10

chemicals secreted from cells which travel through bloodstream to signal cells in another part of the body

Question 11

bolus

Answer 11

ball of food with saliva

Question 12

Epiglottis

Answer 12

blocks food from entering TRACHEA (windpipe) and lungs during swallowing

Question 13

Sphincters

Answer 13

Lower esophageal sphincter

pyloric sphincter

Question 14

Stomach

Answer 14

serves as TEMPORARY STORAGE of food

the stomach lining produces gastric juices

the churning of stomahc muscles mixes food

• very little absorption
• water, alcohol, aspirin, tylenol

ends in chyme

leaves through pyloric sphincter to small intestine

Question 15

Gastric juice

Answer 15

Contains:

• water
• pepsiongen (precurser to pepsin-digestive enzyme for protein)
• Mucus
• Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl)

Question 16

Hydrochloric acid in stomach

Answer 16

• kills microorganisms
• unfolds protein (denaturing)
• activates pepsin
• inhibits amylase (dig. enzyme for carbs)

Question 17

small intestine

Answer 17

approx 20 ft long

MAIN SITE OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION

divided in 3:

• duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

inside of it is called lumen.

has large circular folds

Question 18

segmentation

Answer 18

rhytmic constrictions that move food. like peristalsis

Question 19

Accessory organs to digestion

Answer 19

• Liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
  *

Question 20

Pancreas (juice it secretes)

Answer 20

secretes pancreatic juice containing

• bicarbonate- neutralized stomach acid
• pancreatic amylase- digestion of carbs
• pancreatic proteases- protein breakdown
• pancreatic lipases- fats

PA,PP,PL and bicarbonate

Question 21

Brush border

Answer 21

secretes digestive enzymes for

• Carbohydrates
• proteins

are on microvilli?

Question 22

Liver function

Answer 22

• produces and secretes BILE
• emulsifies fat so lipases can access molecules

Question 23

gallbladder function

Answer 23

stores bile and releases it?

Question 24

Types of transport across membranes

Answer 24

• Difusion
  
  • simple
  • facilitated
• Osmosis
• active transport

Question 25

Diffusion (simple and facilitated)

Answer 25

movmement of substances from HI--\>LO areas of concentration * Simple * diffusion across membranes * Facilitated * diffusion though a membrane protein

Question 26

Osmosis

Answer 26

diffusion of WATER across membranes

Question 27

Active transport

Answer 27

movement of substances aceoss membranes **against concentration gradients** through membrane protein \*requires energy\*

Question 28

Large Intestine

Answer 28

~5 ft long * cecum * ascending colon * transverse colon * descending colon * sigmoid colon * rectum * anus absorption of water, some vitamins and mineals forms feces/shit has intestinal micoflora (gut microbiome)

Question 29

Intestinal microflora

Answer 29

* beneficial bacteria * breaks down fiber * synthesizes some vitamins Probiotics * cibtaubs beneficial bacteria prebiotics * food supply for said beneficial bacteria

Question 30

Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 30

* **mouth** saliva lubricates, amylase starts carb dig, chewing * **pharynx** epiglottis keeps shit in right path * **esophagus** peristalsis begins * **stomach** food storage, acid killz, unflods proteins, activates pepsin produces chyme * **small intestines** most dig. and abs. pancreatic enzymes digest and bicarbonate neutralizes acid. bile emulsifies fat * **large intestines** absorb water, bacteria digest fiber, make vitamins * **rectum** stores feces

Question 31

Water soluble nutrients are absorbed into

Answer 31

**c**apillaries then **c**irculatory system **C**ap--\> **C**irc

Question 32

Lipid soluble nutrients are absorbed into

Answer 32

Lacteals then lymphatic system empties into circulatory system **L**ipds--\>**L**acteals--\>**L**ymphatic system

Question 33

metabolism

Answer 33

breakdown/syntehsis of molecules cells use nutrients for energy or to build structures and regulatory molecules

Question 34

white blood cells (types)

Answer 34

in digestive tissue, they recognize and destory foreign antigens * Phagocytes * eat organisms * lymphocytes * destory infected cells or secrete **anitbodies** that bind to _antigens_ leading to their destruction

Question 35

Food allegies

Answer 35

immune system reacts to nonharmful antigens called ALLERGENS * 1st exposure * production of **ANTIBODIES** * _​_2nd exposure * release of **HISTAMINE** * symptoms ensure * redness, swelling, hives, tingling on tongue/lips, difficulty breathing, decreased bp, vomitting, cramps anaphylactic shock is a hella allergic shock that needs epinephrine (epi-pen) common allergies: peanuts, milk, soy, wheat

Question 36

Celiac disease

Answer 36

Autoimmune condition due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat, rye and barley that form: gluten makes the lumen of small intestine to flatten * reduces surface area * malabsoprtion results symptoms: * bloating * abdominal cramps * weight loss * anemia (iron deficiency in this case) NO cure only treatment: avoid foods with gluten (Rye, wheat, barley, some oats) can eat: potatoes, beans, vegetable, fruit, meat

Question 37

Heartburn VS GERD

Answer 37

heartburn is occasional reflux GERD is chrnoic can lead to: * esophageal bleeding * ulcers * cancer of esophagus Management: * smaller meals * beerages between meals * avoiding fatty foods, chocolate, peppermint * upright after eating * avoid smoking/ alcohol

Question 38

Peptic ulcers

Answer 38

penetration of mucus lining which allows pepsin to damage to damage GI lining helicobacter pylori (h.pylori)

Question 39

Gallstones

Answer 39

solid material accumulates in the gallbladder and/or ducts that drain bile to small intestine symptom: pain may need *cholecystectomy* gall bladder removal need to avoid fatty shit

Question 40

Diarrhea

Answer 40

frequent watery stool caused by: * bacterial or vial infections * medications * chronic diseases * passage of undigested food into large intestine

Question 41

Constipation

Answer 41

dry hard stoold caused by * too little fiber in diet * too little water in diet * lack of exercise * cerain meds can lead to diverticula pouches protruding out from colon wall pressure on colon wall, can become infected and perforate and spill into body