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Flashcards in Chapter 6 Deck (25)
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1
Q

Sources of protein (dietary sources)

A

**Animal Based: **

  • meat, eggs, dairy
  • provideB bitamine and some absorbable minerals
  • HIGH IN SAT FAT AND CHOLESTEROL

Plant based:

  • grains, nuts, legumes (peas, peantuts, beans, soybeans,lentils)
  • High in FIBER, phytochemicals and unsat fat
  • Low in SAT FAT. NO CHOLESTEROL
2
Q

Structure of proteins

A

contain:

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • NITROGEN
  • CHON

**elemental compononent of proteins are A M I N O A C I D S **

Amino acids:
  • Acid group (-COOH)
  • Amine group (-NH2)
  • Unique side chain <— it distinguishes them
3
Q

Essential and Non-essential Amino Acids ( the amount of them)

A

20 different amino acids. 9 are essential. 11 are nonessential

conditionally essential amino acids cannot be made in body in adequate amounds under certain conditions

4
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonine
  • Tryptophan
  • Valine

**PVT. TIM HaLL **

5
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between 2 amino acids in which the acid group of 1 amino acids is connected to the AMINE group of another amino acid

Dipeptide: 2 amino acids

tripeptide: 3 amino acids

Polypeptide: many

6
Q

Denaturation

A

Alteration of a proteins 3D structure

due to heat, acids, bases or salts

ex. cooking meat or eggs will denature the protin

with HCl in stomach, denaturing is going on in us

7
Q

Protein digetsion and absorption

A
  • Mouth
  • Stomach (HCl, and pepsin)
  • small intestine (enzymes secreted from pancreas. polypetides broken into amino acids, dipeptide and tripeptides) P E P S I N
  • tansport proteins move digestion into mucosal cell
  • dipeptides and tirpeptides enter mucosal cell. they are broken down into single amino cids
  • amino acids pass from mucosal cell into blood and travel to the LIVER.
  • little dietary protein is lost in feces
8
Q

pepsinogen and pepsin

A

Pepsiogen= inactive

pepsin= acitve

9
Q

Absoption of amio acids need what kind of transport?

A

A C T I V E T R A N S P O R T

** **amino acids move from LOW conc to HIGH conc

10
Q

Creation of nonessential amino acids

A

Transfer of amene group from one animo acid to another.

T R A N S A N I M A T I O N

11
Q

Synthesis of new proteins ( what molecules carry out instructions for protein synth? and the steps of the process)

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • Ribosomes

DNA cant lead the nucleus. so it sends mRNA to leave the nuceleus and go into the cytoplasm and it gets wid a ribosome. and then the tRNA reads the mRNA

  1. protein synth starts in N U C L E U S by transcribing the shit from DNA into mRNA (transcription)
  2. mRNA takes genetic info from nuclues to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
  3. tRNA read the genetic code and delievers needed amino acids to ribosomes to form a polypeptide chain. (translation)
12
Q

Protein functions

A
  • speed up chem. reactions (enzymes)
  • structures
  • some chemical storage (hormones)
  • transportation of substances
  • movement of muscles
  • immunity
  • blood clotting
  • fluid balance
13
Q

Using proteins for energy

A

Amino acids are not stored in da body

when caloric intake is not met, amino acids can be used as a source of glucose to *make energy. *

but before the amino acids are used, the amine group in them needs to be removed through *D E A N I M A T I O N *

it procudes urea, which is exreted in da urine

14
Q

Inadequate protein intake

A

poor energy intake for prolonged periods may cause protein deficiency causing

** E D E M A**

and increased infections

PEM (protein-energy mannutriton)- covers a range of protein/ energy deficiency conditions

15
Q

Kwashiorkor VS. Marasmus

A

Kwashiorkor

Pure P R O T E I N deficiency

Edema in da belly

**Marasmus **

severe engergy and protein deficiency

chacterized by wasting.

16
Q

Protein Excess

A

elevated protein intake over long periods of time result in

  • hydration and kidney function issues
  • increased calcium loss in urine
  • effects on bone health is questionable
    • Increased risk for:
      • heart disease
      • cancer
      • kidney stones
      • can displace other nutrient and fiber rich foods associated w/ a reduced risk of chronic diseases. whole grains, fruits, veggies. cardiovascular disease and cancer
17
Q

Food allergies and intolerances

A

Food allergies are triggerd when a protein from the diet is abosorbed w/o being completely digested

18
Q

Celiac Disease

A

Autoimmune disease due to allergic reaction to protein in wheat, rye, and barley

G L U T EN in da grain

the lumen of the small intestine is Flattened

19
Q

RDA for protein in adults

A

0.80 g/kg/day

the more you weigh, the more protein you need. also if you’re pregnant or lactating, have an injury/infeection or are an athlete

20
Q

AMDR for protein

A

10-35%

how much is needed?

140 lbs–> 63.6 kg

(140/2.2) = kg

k3.6 kg x 0.8 g/kg= 51 kg protein/day

21
Q

complete dietary proteins

A

proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids w/ some nonessential ones.

ex: animal proteins, soy proteins. maybe quinoa

22
Q

Incomplete proteins

A

proteins low in onre or more animo acid

“limiting amino acid”

ex plant proteins.

they are made complete by adding complementary proteins.

ex: rice and beans

23
Q

Types of vegetatarian diets

A

Semivegitarian

  • no red meat

Pescetarian

  • excludes all animals except fish

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

  • exludes all animals but includes eggs and dairy

lacto vegetarian

  • excludes all animal shit. includes dairy

vegan

  • excludes all animal shit
24
Q

benefits of vegetarian diets

A

lower body weight

reduced incidences of

  • high BP
  • type 2 diabetes
  • <3 disease
  • certain cancerts

Benefits:

  • high fiber and phytochemicals
  • low saw fat and cholesterol diet
25
Q

concerns for VEGAN diets

A

nutirents at risk

protein

VITAMIN B12

calcium/ vit D

iron

Zinc

omega 3 fatty acids (DHA, EPA)