chapter 3 Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
who developed the cell theory
A
robert hooke
2
Q
parts of the cell theory
A
- everything living is made of cells
- all cells come from preexisting cells
- cells are the smallest unit of life
- each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
3
Q
two types of cells
A
sex cells (germ cells) somatic cells
4
Q
sex cells
A
- reproductive cells
- male sperm
- female oocyte (cell that turns into egg)
5
Q
somatic cells
A
soma= body
all body cells except sex cells
6
Q
how many cells do we have
A
trillions with over 200 different cells types
7
Q
cell shapes
A
- disc- RBC
- sphere- fat
- long extensions- nerve
- toothpicks- smooth muscle
- cubed- columns, flat
8
Q
functions of cells
A
- connect body parts
- cover & line organs
- store nutrients
- fight disease
- gather information
- control the body
- carry out the chemical activities needed to sustain life
9
Q
two types of cells
A
prokaryotic & eukaryotic
10
Q
prokaryotic cells
A
does not have membrane bound organelles or nucleus
11
Q
eukaryotic
A
has membrane bound organelles & nucleus
12
Q
trace elements
A
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
13
Q
key elements
A
- calcium (blood clotting)
- iron (carry hemoglobin)
- iodine (metabolism)
- sodium
- potassium
14
Q
nucleus
A
- control center
- largest organelle
- contains genes to control cellular activity
15
Q
mitochondria
A
- power house of the cell
- produces ATP
16
Q
cell membrane
A
allows movement of molecules
-proteins are binding sites & receptors for hormones & chemical messages
17
Q
ribosomes
A
proteins are produced here
18
Q
lysosomes
A
digestive enzymes to break down non usable substances
19
Q
cilia/ flagella
A
move substances along cell
- single- sperm
- multiple-cilia
20
Q
golgi body
A
- transport proteins from ER to other parts of the cell
- 4-6 flattened sacs by the nucleus
- packages & sorts proteins & lipids
21
Q
ER
A
- protein synthesis
- modifies materials to prepare for transport by golgi body
- system of double membrane channels continuous with nuclear envelope
22
Q
cell membrane
A
regulates flow of materials inside& outside of body (lipid bylayer)
23
Q
cytoplasm
A
holds cellular content (cytosol)
24
Q
ribosomes
A
tiny granules composed of protein & rRNA site for protein synthesis
25
lysosomes
membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
26
cytoskeleton
internal structure in cytosol
| -made of microfilaments & microtubules
27
centriols
microtubules used in cell division
28
membrane transport
- barrier
- lets nutrients in
- lets products & waste out
- selectively permeable
29
permeability
determines what moves in & out of a cell
30
impermeable
membrane that lets nothing in or out
31
freely permeable
membrane that lets anything pass
32
selectively permeable
membrane that restricts movement
33
how does selective permeability restrict
by
- size
- electrical charge
- molecular shape
- lipid solubility
34
active transport
requires energy
- carrier mediated transport
- vesicular transport
35
passive transport
no energy required
- diffusion
- carrier mediated transport
36
diffusion
movement of liquids from high to low concentration
37
concentration gradient
more solute in one part of a solvent than another
38
factors influencing diffustion
- distance
- molecule size (smaller moves faster
- temperature (hotter= faster)
- concentration gradient
- electrical forces (opposites attract)
39
channel mediated diffusioin
water soluble compounds & ions
40
factors influencing channel mediated diffusion
- size
- charge
- interaction with the channel
41
osmosis
diffusion of water across the cell membrane
42
enzymes
speeds up chemical reations
43
DNA
contains genetic material & instructions to make proteins
44
RNA
aides in making proteins at the ribosomes
45
endocytosis
packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle for transport into a cell
46
receptor mediated endocytosis
target molecules bind to receptor proteins on membrane surface, forming vesicles
47
phagocytosis
vesicles form at plasma membrane to bring solid molecules into the cells "cell eating"
48
pinocytosis
vesicles for large membrane & bring fluids & small molecules to cell "cell drinking"
49
exocytosis
intracellular vesicles fuse with plasma membrane membrane releasing fluids from cell
50
mitosis
divides & duplicates two sets of chromosomes
51
stages of mitosis
```
interphase
prophase
metaphas
anaphase
telophase
```
52
oncology
study of cancer, tumors, & treatments
53
malignant
tumor that spreads fast & is life threatning
54
benign
non cancerous tumor that is slow growing & easily removeable
55
metastasis
spread of cancer cells to other areas of the body via lymphatic & circulatory systems through blood
56
carcinogen
cancer causing substance
57
treatment for cancer
- radiation
- chemotherapy
- surgery
58
steps to cancer development
- abnormal cell
- primary tumor
- metastasis
- secondary tumor
59
tumor (neoplasm)
- enlarged mass of cells
| - abnormal cell growth & developement
60
meiosis
reproductive cells
- two devisions
- sperm & egg
- 23 chromosomes
61
proliferation
rapid reproduction of cell parts or organism
62
senescence
aging
63
hyperplasia
abnormal increase in number of cells
64
dysplasia
early development of cancer
65
in situ cancer
early cancer that has not metastisized
66
invasive cancer
cancer that has metastasized
67
apoptosis
death of cells that occurs normally & needs to be replaced
68
telomeres
caps on chromosomes that affect how cells age
