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anatomy & physiology > semester 1 final > Flashcards

semester 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Toward head

Ex) the chin’s superior to the ankle

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

Ex) the ankle is inferior to the chin

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Close to the front of the body

Ex) the sternum is anterior compared to the spine

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Close to the back of the body

Ex) the scapula is posterior to the clavicle

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

Ex) the nose is medial to the eyes

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

Ex) the lungs are lateral to the heart

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7
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

Ex) the heart is intermediate to the lungs

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8
Q

Proximal

A

Near point of attachment

Ex) the humerus is proximal to the radius

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9
Q

Distal

A

Farther from point of attachment

Ex) the wrist is distal to the elbow

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10
Q

Superficial

A

Towards surface of the body

Ex) the skin is superficial to the muscle

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11
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface off the body

Ex) the muscle is feel to the skin

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

Referring to the back of an animal or backside of a structure

Ex) the buttock lies on the dorsal side

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13
Q

Ventral

A

Referring to the front of a structure or belly side of an animal

Ex) the nose lies on the central side

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14
Q

Anatomical position

A

Stand upright, face forward, palms forward

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15
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of internal & external body structures & their physical relationships among other body parts

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16
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how living organisms perform their functions

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17
Q

homeostasis

A

the existence of a stable internal environment

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18
Q

diaphragm

A

a flat muscular sheet that separates anatomical regions

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19
Q

parts of the cell theory

A
  • everything living is made of cells
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
  • cells are the smallest unit of life
  • each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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20
Q

eukaryotic

A

has membrane bound organelles & nucleus

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21
Q

prokaryotic

A

does not have membrane bound organelles or nucleus

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22
Q

somatic cells

A

soma= body

all body cells except sex cells

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23
Q

mitochondria

A
  • power house of the cell

- produces ATP

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24
Q

cell membrane

A

allows movement of molecules

-proteins are binding sites & receptors for hormones & chemical messages

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25
ribosomes
proteins are produced here
26
lysosomes
digestive enzymes to break down non usable substances | -membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes
27
cilia/ flagella
move substances along cell - single- sperm - multiple-cilia
28
golgi body
- transport proteins from ER to other parts of the cell - 4-6 flattened sacs by the nucleus - packages & sorts proteins & lipids
29
ER
- protein synthesis - modifies materials to prepare for transport by golgi body - system of double membrane channels continuous with nuclear envelope
30
cell membrane
regulates flow of materials inside& outside of body (lipid bylayer)
31
cytoplasm
holds cellular content (cytosol)
32
ribosomes
tiny granules composed of protein & rRNA site for protein synthesis
33
cytoskeleton
internal structure in cytosol | -made of microfilaments & microtubules
34
centriols
microtubules used in cell division
35
permeability
determines what moves in & out of a cell
36
impermeable
membrane that lets nothing in or out
37
freely permeable
membrane that lets anything pass
38
selectively permeable
membrane that restricts movement
39
how does selective permeability restrict
by - size - electrical charge - molecular shape - lipid solubility
40
active transport
requires energy - carrier mediated transport - vesicular transport
41
passive transport
no energy required - diffusion - carrier mediated transport
42
diffusion
movement of liquids from high to low concentration
43
osmosis
diffusion of water across the cell membrane
44
oncology
study of cancer, tumors, & treatments
45
malignant
tumor that spreads fast & is life threatning
46
benign
non cancerous tumor that is slow growing & easily removeable
47
endocytosis
packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle for transport into a cell
48
carcinogen
cancer causing substance
49
treatment for cancer
- radiation - chemotherapy - surgery
50
fat cell
adipocyte
51
bone cell
osteocyte
52
cartilage cell
chondrocyte
53
only embryonic connective tissue
mucous | forms all kinds of connective tissue
54
types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, &reticular
55
areolar
composes the basement membrane and packages organs; include all fivers and many cell types
56
adipose
- provides insulation for the body | - acts as a storage depot for fat/ energy
57
reticular
forms the stroma or internal "skeleton" of the spleen and other lymphoid organs
58
integumentary system
- skin - hair - sweat glands - nails - protects against environmental hazards - helps regulate body temperature - provides sensory information - produce vitamin d
59
skeletal system
- bones - cartilages - associated ligaments - bone marrow - provides support & protection for other tissues - stores calcium & other minerals - forms blood cells
60
muscular system
-skeletal muscles & associated tendons -provides movement provides protection & support for other tissues -generates heat -maintains body temperature
61
nervous system
- brain - spinal cord - peripheral nerves - sense organs - directs immediate responses to stimuli - coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems - provides & interprets sensory information about external conditions
62
endocrine system
- pituitary gland - thyroid gland - pancreas - adrenal glands - directs long term -changes in the activites of other organ systems - adjusts metabolic activity & energy use by the body - controls many structural functional changes during development
63
cardiovascular system
- heart - transport of blood - carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
64
lymphatic system
- spleen - thymus - lymphatic vessels - lymph nodes - tonsils - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns them to blood - houses white blood cells
65
respiratory systems
- nasal cavities - sinuses - larynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs - delivers air to alveoli - provides oxygen to bloodstream - removes carbon dioxide from blood stream - produces sound for communication
66
digestive system
- teeth - tongue - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - liver - gall bladder - pancreas - process & digests food - absorbs & converts water - stores energy reserbes
67
urinary system
- kidneys - ureters - urinary bladder - urethra - excretes waste - controls water balance - regulates blood ion concentrations
68
what are the life process
``` metabolism responsiveness reproduction movement growth differentiation ```
69
what are the levels of organization
``` different levels of what makes up life chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organism level ```
70
chemical level
dealing with the smallest stable unit of matter, atoms
71
cellular level
study of the smallest living units in the body, cells
72
tissue level
the tissue is a group of cells working together to perform a function
73
organ level
organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
74
organ system level
a group of organs interacting
75
organism level
human beings
76
negative feedback
a way of counteracting a change
77
positive feedback
the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change in condition, rather than opposing it (extreme responses)
78
frontal plane
split between ventral and dorsal
79
sagittal plane
split left and right
80
transverse plane
split supirior and inferior
81
what are the different body cavities?
thoracic & abdominal
82
parts of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity & pericardial cavity
83
parts of the abdominal cavity
peritoneal, abdominal, & pelvic
84
parts of the dorsal cavity
cranial & brain stem cavity
85
parts of the ventral cavity
thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic cavity
86
what are the needs of living things?
``` water sunlight air food(energy) habitats ```
87
cancer
the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the bodhttps://www.brainscape.com/decks/4607206/cards/quick#y
88
neuroglia (function)
- "nerve glue" - support and protect neurons - make up more than half of the brain's weight - mitosis (responsible for brain tumors)
89
dendrites
- extend out from the cell body - intercellular communication. - receives info

anatomy & physiology (17 decks)

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