semester 2 final Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
connective tissues in muscle
A
- epimysium (dense irregular)
- perimysium (dense irregular)
- endomysium (areolar)
2
Q
types of muscle cells
A
cardiac- interclated discs, striated
skeletal- striated, multiple nuclei
smooth- spindle, single nucleus
3
Q
insertion vs origen
A
insertion moves
origin doesnt move
4
Q
process of muscle contraction
A
-axon terminal
ach in synaptic cleft
-ach creates action potential when reached the muscle
-ach is broken down
- action potention travels through the sarcolemma and t tubules
-action potential goes to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-calcium is released to the tropinin
-actin binding site opens
-power stroke and actin connects with the myosin
-muscle contracts
-calcium leaves
-unlatch
-actin retracts
5
Q
tropinin/ crossbridge
A
tropinin- actin binding cite
crossbridge- myosin binding cite
6
Q
atrophy
A
-shrinking of cells after less usage
7
Q
hypotrophy
A
-adipose/ muscle cells increase in size and amount
8
Q
rigor mortis
A
- recognizable signs of death
- chemical changes in the muscles after death
- causes limbs to stiffen
9
Q
agonist
A
- prime mover
- ex- flexing- bicep brachii
10
Q
antagonist
A
- the relaxing muscle
- ex- flexing- tricep brachii
11
Q
synergist
A
-helper muscle in movement
12
Q
gastroenterology
A
study of the digestive system
13
Q
proctology
A
study of the anus and rectum
14
Q
function of GI tract
A
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- defication ( excretion of waste)
- mixing and movement of foods and waste
- absorption of nutrients and water
- secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes
- I PLAY DUNGEONS AND DRAGONS
15
Q
major organs
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small/ large intestines
16
Q
accessory organs
A
- teeth
- tongue
- salivary gland
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
17
Q
layers of the GI tract
A
(superficial to deep)
- serosa (viseral peritoneum, serus membrane)
- muscularis externa (smooth muscle)
- submucosa (aereolar connective)
- mucosa (secretes mucus, non ciliated simple columnar, microvilli)
18
Q
mesentery
A
- fold of the peritoneum
- attaches to the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, etc
19
Q
mesocolon
A
- broad, mesofold of peritoneum
- connects transverse colon to the posterior wall of abdomen
20
Q
mouth function
A
- salivary glands
- amylase break down STARCHES (carbohydrates)
- lubrication of food
21
Q
order of teeth
A
- central incisor
- lateral incisor
- canine
- first bicuspid (premolar)
- second bicuspid (premolar)
- first molar
- second molar
- third molar (wisdom teeth)
22
Q
layers of the tooth
A
(superficial to deep)
- enamel
- dentin
- pulp cavity
23
Q
gingival
A
- gums that are tender, soft, red, and bleed easily
- cured by good dental hygiene practices
24
Q
uvula
A
- thing at back of throat
- used to guide food and water to pharynx
- induces gag reflex
25
pharynx and esophagus function
- passageway for food
| - no special functions
26
peristalsis
- series of wave-like muscle contractions
| - moves food
27
stomach function
- when empty, the lining folds up into little rides (rugae)
- walls contract and stretch to mash the boluses into paste (chyme) (churning)
- releases GASTRIC ENZYMES and acids
- breaks down PROTEIN
28
parts of the stomach
- cardiac sphincter
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
- pyloric sphincter
29
pancreas
- attached to duodenum
| - secretes hormones and enzymes through the pancreatic duct
30
liver
- creates bile
| - bile secreted through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum
31
gall bladder
- stores bile
- inside the liver
- secretes bile through the cystic duct to the bile duct
32
small intestine function
- where most digestion occurs
- 20 feet long
- breaking down of FATS
- ENZYMES AND CHEMICALS secreted by the pancreas, liver, and intestines
- contain many folds (plica) that are lined with VILLI (absorbs nutrients from chyme)
- nutrients are passed into the blood and lymph system
- segmentation
33
parts of the small intestine
- pyloric sphincter
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ilium
- iliocecal sphincter
34
large intestine function
- final removal of FLUIDS
- chyme turns to feces
- contains harmless bacteria (aids in productions of vitamin K)
- haustral churning
35
parts of the large intestine
- iliocecal sphincter
- cecum
- colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
- sigmoid
- rectum
36
appendix
- located at the ilieocecal sphincter
| - function is unknown
37
path of blood through the heart
- inferior and superior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary artery
- lungs/ capillary beds
- pulmonary viens
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventrical
- aortic valve
- aortic arch
- aortic artery
- systemic artery
38
chamber of the heart with the thickest wall
- myocardium in the left ventricle
| - it pushes out blood from the heart and into the rest of the body through the systemic pump
39
conduction system of heart
no neurotransmitters-starts its own heart beat
1. sinoatrial node (SA node)-located in wall of right atrium-pacemaker
2. atrioventricular node (AV node)-located at junction between atria and ventricles-inter atria septum
delay occours and wats for ventricles to fill/valves to close
3. AV bundle (bundle of his)-located in interventricular septum
4. bundle branches
5. purkinije fibers
40
asystole
-flatline
41
systole
-contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
-ventricles
pushes blood out
-systolic pressure-top number in blood pressure-force using to pump out of hear-120
42
diastole
- part of the cardiac cycle when the heart refills with blood following systole
- lets blood in to be reoxgynated
- dystolic pressure-bottom number in blood pressure-force when relaxing-80
43
cardiac output
- volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute
- multiply the amount released in one heart beat and multiply the amount of times the heart beats a minute
- average: 4900 mL/minute
44
factors of a raising heart rate
- excersize
- standing up to quickly
- eating lots of food
- heavy breathing
45
risk factors of heart disease
- high blood pressure
- cholesterol
- overweight/obesity
- tobacco use
- lack of physical activity
- diabetes
46
Atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries
47
congestive heart failure
-condition in which the heart's function as a pump is inadequate to meet the body's needs
48
myocardial infarction
- heart attack
- artery or vein is blocked
- a portion of the heart is starved of oxygen
- tissue of heart muscle dies
49
epicardium
- visceral pericardium
- outer surface
- tissues-exposed
- mesothelium and loose areolar
50
myocardium
-muscular wall
-pumps blood
-thickest
-forms atria and ventricles
cardiac mucle
51
endocardium
- blood comes in contact with
- inner surface
- heart valves
- simple squamous epithelium
- continuous with endothelium of attached great vessles
52
lub dub
lub-closure of AV valves
beginning of ventricular systole
dub-closure of semilunar valves
end of ventricular systole
opens due to pressure, close to prevent backflow
work opposite-one open when other closed
53
role of the liver in blood
destruction and recycling of RBCs
54
arteries
- away from heart
- highest pressure
- splits into arterioles
- thick
- smaller lumen
- no valves
55
capillaries
- in organs
- difusion takes place
- blood and interestital fluid-gas exchange
56
viens
- venules
- larger veins-return blood to heart
- thin walls
- collapse when contract
- valves (low pressure and prevents backflow)(against gravity)
57
intubation
- placement of a flexible plastic tube
- in the trachea
- maintain an open airway or administer drugs
58
tracheostomy
-an incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing
59
Heimlich maneuver
- "abdominal thrusts"
| - pushing air to generate a cough to dislodge the object
60
pulmonary ventilation
-breathing
61
glottis
- part of the larynx
- contains the vocal cords
- covers the trachea
62
internal respiration
- systemic
| - transfer of gas between cells and blood
63
external respiration
- transfer of gas between organs and the outside
| - due to elasticity of lungs
64
nasal septum
- separates left and right external nares
| - lined by mucous membrain
65
apex
- the tip
| - lungs- top of the lungs
66
base
- bottom/ flat side
| - lungs- inferior side
67
cardiac notch
- lateral deflection of the anterior border of the left lung
| - produced for the space taken by the heart
68
fissures
- double fold of visceral pleura
| - forms the lobes of the lungs
69
alveolus
-tiny sacs in the lungs for gas exchange
70
hilus
-where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerve fibers enter the lungs
71
pleurisy
- pleuritis
- inflammation of the pleura
- can make breathing extremely painful
72
function of goblet cells
- secrete mucus
| - in ciliated and non citliated columnar
73
function of sinuses
- lighten the skull
- chambers to improve our voices
- produce mucus that moisturizes the inside of noses
74
path of air
- external nares
- nasal cavities (sinuses)
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
- alveoli
- capillaries
75
functions of the nasal cavity
- moisturize (mucous)
- filter (cilia)
- warm (blood)
76
parts of the pharynx
- nasopharynx (concerning breathing only)
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
77
upper respiratory system
- external nares
- nasal cavity
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
78
lower respiratory system
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
79
parasinuses
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethnoid
- maxillary
- named after the name of the bones surrounding
80
cartilage in larynx
- thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
| - cricoid cartilage (provide attachments for the muscles and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway)
81
epiglottis
- forms a lid over the glottis
- elastic cartilage
- larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing both liquids and food from entering the respiratory tract
82
Surfactant
- lubrication fluid in the alveoli
| - lipid/fat
83
membranes of the lungs
- visceral pleura
| - parietal pleura
84
functions of skeletal system
- support/ framework/ shape
- movement/ leverage
- protection (of organs)
- RBC production (red bone marrow)
- storage of minerals (calcium, energy/ lipids, phosphorus)
- endocrine regulation (calcitonin- hormone needed to grow bone)
85
difference of bone marrow within long bones
- red bone marrow (epiphysis where there's spongy bone)
| - white bone marrow (in the diaphysis- adipose)
86
main bone types
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
87
parts of the long bone
- epiphysis (ends of bone)
- diaphysis (the middle section)
- spongy bone
- articulate cartilage (hyaline) lines the end
88
types of bone cells in order
- osteogenic
- osteoblasts
- osteocypes
- osteoclasts
89
osteogenic
- early cells (stem cell)
- receive DNA to become bone
- goes to designated location throughout the body
90
osteoblasts
-immature and makes the matrix (needs nutrients)
91
osteocytes
-mature bone cells
92
osteoclasts
-fix matrixes (keep bones from becoming too thick)
93
Haversian system
- In osteon
- Haversian canal, canaliculi, concentric lamallae, osteocytes, lacune
- in lacunae
- conneted by canaliculi
94
endochondral ossification
bone replaces existing hyaline cartilage
- most common
- all bones except for a few
- continues all the way through pubuerty and young adulthood
95
intramembranous ossification
- fibrous connective tissue to bone
- mandible, cranial bones, clavicle
- 8th week of embryonic development
- occurs in deeptest layers of dermis (forming dermal bones)
96
appendicular skeleton
- all limbs and girdles (not in axial skeleton)
| - 126 bones
97
axial skeleton
- skull
- throacic cage
- vertebral column
- 80 bones
98
fontanel
- relatively soft, flexible, fibrous region
| - between two flat bones in the developing skull (a baby's soft spot)
99
compound fracture
- comes through the skin
| - skin/ bone bleeds
100
simple fracture
-break inside skin
101
complete fracture
-bone is in two or more separate parts
102
incomplete fracture
-fracture that still connects two pieces
103
transverse break
top and bottom pieces
104
obliquee break
angled
105
spiral break
- starts at top and spirals down
- caused by catching falls
- caused by grabbing arm and twisting
106
green stick "break"
- bent bone
- incomplete break
- in young children/ underdeveloped bones
107
splintered break
- complete break
| - many chipped pieces
108
compression
- tibia and taus
| - collide
109
depression
-cranium bone dents in
110
hairline/stress fracture
- overuse and weakening of bone
| - causes a crack
