Chapter 3 Review

Question 1

these are duplicates during the S phase

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

a special type of cell division performed by reproductive cells to reduce chromosome number

Answer 2

meiosis

Question 3

this organelle synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Answer 3

SER

Question 4

these cell projections increase surface area for increased membrane transport

Answer 4

microvilli

Question 5

another name for the cell membrane

Answer 5

plasmalemma

Question 6

this organelle digests foreign material

Answer 6

lysosomes

Question 7

the genetically programmed death of cells

Answer 7

apoptosis

Question 8

this term is used to describe the shrinking of red blood cells in a hypertonic solution

Answer 8

crenation

Question 9

in this solution, cells absorb water and swell (ex: after you stay in the pool too long)

Answer 9

hypotonic

Question 10

smallest living unit within the human body

Answer 10

cell

Question 11

process of protein formation directed by mRNA

Answer 11

translation

Question 12

part of the cytoskeleton used to move chromosomes during cell division

Answer 12

microtubules

Question 13

makes up microtubules

Answer 13

tubulin

Question 14

mRNA is needed to synthesize these in the cytoplasm

Answer 14

proteins

Question 15

makes most of the ATO required to power cellular operations

Answer 15

mitochondria

Question 16

these are the functional units of DNA that contain instructions for making one or more proteins

Answer 16

genes

Question 17

proteins in the cytosine that accelerate metabolic reactions

Answer 17

enzymes

Question 18

an alternative term for a tumor

Answer 18

neoplasm

Question 19

in order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ______ ions from the cell and imports ______ ions

Answer 19

sodium; potassium

Question 20

the intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid

Answer 20

endocytosis

Question 21

process by which molecules move along concentration gradients with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins

Answer 21

facilitated diffusion

Question 22

this bilayer composes the plasma membrane

Answer 22

phospholipids

Question 23

a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes

Answer 23

RER

Question 24

a process that requires cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient

Answer 24

active transport

Question 25

the specialization process in which cells become limited in the range of proteins that can be made as genes are functionally eliminated

Answer 25

differentiation

Question 26

these organelles form mitotic spindles to move chromosomes during mitosis

Answer 26

centrioles

Question 27

proteins found here anchor the cell, serve as receptors, allow cells to be recognized, and act as enzymes

Answer 27

plasma membrane

Question 28

this term is used to describe the bursting of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution

Answer 28

hemolysis

Question 29

sodium and potassium are the two most important ____ in body fluids

Answer 29

cations

Question 30

a type of division used to produce somatic cells

Answer 30

mitosis

Question 31

three nucleotides in mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

Answer 31

codon

Question 32

DNA is located here

Answer 32

nucleus

Question 33

this organelle renews the cell membrane and modified and packages proteins for secretion

Answer 33

golgi

Question 34

this cell component supports and moves organelles, controls cell shape, and provides cell strength

Answer 34

cytoskeleton

Question 35

movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 35

diffusion

Question 36

the anticodon for UCA

Answer 36

AGU

Question 37

makes up microfilaments

Answer 37

actin

Question 38

the type of nucleic acid that can leave the nucleus with vital information about protein structure

Answer 38

mRNA

Question 39

organelles that absorb and neutralize drugs and toxins

Answer 39

peroxisomes

Question 40

components of ribosomes are formed here

Answer 40

nucleoli

Question 41

during mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during this phase

Answer 41

anaphase

Question 42

the stage in the cells life cycle in which cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division

Answer 42

interphase

Question 43

this term is used to describe how cancer cells may spread

Answer 43

metastasis

Question 44

the major components of the cell membrane

Answer 44

phospholipids proteins glycolipids cholesterol

Question 45

most of the communication between the interior and exterior of the cell occurs by

Answer 45

integral protein channels

Question 46

because of its chemical-structural composition, the cell membrane is called a

Answer 46

phospholipid bilayer

Question 47

approximately 95 percent of the energy needed to keep a cell alive is generated by the activity of the

Answer 47

mitochondria

Question 48

nucleoli are nuclear organelles that

Answer 48

synthesize the components of ribosomes

Question 49

the three major functions of endoplasmic reticulum are

Answer 49

synthesis storage transport

Question 50

the functions of the golgi apparatus include

Answer 50

synthesis storage alteration packaging

Question 51

the major factor that allows the nucleus to control cellular operations is through its

Answer 51

regulation of protein synthesis

Question 52

ribosomal protein and RNA are produced primarily in the

Answer 52

nucleolus

Question 53

along the length of the DNA strand, information is stored in the sequence of

Answer 53

nitrogen bases

Question 54

a sequence of three nitrogen bases can specify the identity of

Answer 54

a single amino acid

Question 55

the process in which RNA polymerase uses the genetic information to assemble a strand of mRNA

Answer 55

transcription

Question 56

if the DNA triples is TAG, the corresponding codon on the mRNA strand will be

Answer 56

AUC

Question 57

the transport process that requires the presence of specialized integral membrane protein

Answer 57

carrier-mediated transport

Question 58

ions and other small water-soluble materials cross the cell membrane only by passing through

Answer 58

a channel protein

Question 59

all transport through the cell membrane can be classified as either

Answer 59

active or passive

Question 60

the mechanism by which glucose can enter the cytoplasm without expending ATP is via

Answer 60

a carrier protein

Question 61

is osmosis, water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has the

Answer 61

higher concentration of solutes

Question 62

the transmembrane potential results from the

Answer 62

unequal distribution of ions

Question 63

the process of mitosis begins when cell enters the

Answer 63

M phase

Question 64

the four stages of mitosis in correct sequence are

Answer 64

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

Question 65

at the chromosome level, the number of cell divisions performed by a cell and its descendants is regulated by structures called

Answer 65

telomeres

Question 66

the spreading process of a primary tumor is called ________ and the dispersion of malignant cells to establish a secondary tumor is called ________

Answer 66

invasion, metastasis

Question 67

the process of differentiation is cell specialization as a result of

Answer 67

gene activation or repression