Chapter 42 (Questions)

Question 1

The system that allows animals to respond rapidly to their internal and external environment is called the _________ system.

Answer 1

nervous

Question 2

Select all that apply

Which of the following are functions of the nervous system?

Multiple select question.

Respond to internal stimuli

Speed up chemical reactions

Transmit signals

Trigger responses

Break down chemicals

Answer 2

Respond to internal stimuli

Transmit signals

Trigger responses

Question 3

Specialized cells that communicate with another cell of its kind and other types of cells by chemical and electrical signals are called ______.

Multiple choice question.

neurons

nerves

glia

Answer 3

neurons

Question 4

In vertebrates, the ________ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 4

central

Question 5

The _________ nervous system consists of all neurons and projections of their cell membranes that are outside of but connect with the ________ nervous system.

Answer 5

peripheral and central

Question 6

Select all that apply

Which of the following examples demonstrates the ability of an animal’s nervous system to allow a rapid response to its external environment?

Multiple select question.

Muscle cells enlarging in response to lifting heavy loads

Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches

Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise

The body increasing production of red blood cells when spending time at high altitude

Answer 6

Frogs leaping into the water as a bird approaches

Birds taking to flight with the introduction of a loud noise

Question 7

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are connected by _______, bundles of neurons running through the body.

Answer 7

nerves

Question 8

The functions of the ______ include sensing internal and external stimuli, interpreting signals, transmitting signals, and eliciting responses to those stimuli.

Multiple choice question.

nervous system

muscular system

sensory system

endocrine system

Answer 8

nervous system

Question 9

Animals receive information via their _________ nervous system, and interpret that information in their ________ nervous system

Answer 9

peripheral and central

Question 10

A ______ is a special cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals, whereas a ______ is a structure composed of multiple axons that transmit signals throughout the body.

Multiple choice question.

neuron; receptor

receptor; neuron

neuron; nerve

nerve; neuron

Answer 10

neuron; nerve

Question 11

Nervous systems have two classes of cells. The function of _________ is to carry nerve impulses, whereas the function of ________ is to provide support and protection.

Answer 11

neurons; glia or glial cells

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the dendrites and axons of a neuron?

Multiple choice question.

Neurons have axons and dendrites, both of which extend from the membrane forming elaborate tree-like structures.

Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.

Neurons often have single dendrites and numerous branching extensions called the axons.

Neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite that may have a few branches.

Answer 12

Neurons often have single axons and numerous branching extensions called the dendrites.

Question 13

In a vertebrate, all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord are parts of the _____.

Multiple choice question.

central nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Answer 13

peripheral nervous system

Question 14

Projections arising from the cell body of a neuron that receive chemical and electrical signals from other neurons are called ________

Answer 14

dendrites

Question 15

True or false: The CNS and PNS are connected. This connection allows the PNS to send motor signals from the CNS to the body, and sensory signals from the body back to the CNS.

True false question.
True
False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

The nucleus and other organelles that are necessary for the survival of the neuron are found in the _____.

Multiple choice question.

dendrites

Schwann cells

axons

cell body

Answer 16

cell body

Question 17

Which of the following exemplifies the function of the PNS and CNS, respectively?

Multiple choice question.

Receive signals, stimulate a response

Interpret signals, send signals

Receive signals, interpret signals

Interpret signals, receive signals

Answer 17

Receive signals, interpret signals

Question 18

An extension of the plasma membrane that is involved in sending signals from neurons to neighboring cells is the __________

Answer 18

axon or axon terminals

Question 19

Supporting cells of the nervous system are called _____, and single cells that send and receive signals are called ______.

Answer 19

glia; neurons

Question 20

Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

microglia

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

astrocytes

Answer 20

astrocytes

Question 21

Extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other cells are called __________, and extensions of the neuron that carry signals toward target cells are called ________.

Answer 21

dendrites; axons

Question 22

In vertebrates, the myelin sheath is formed by specialized ______ cells that wrap around certain axons at regular intervals.

Multiple choice question.

glial

blood

stem

epithelial

Answer 22

glial

Question 23

Extensions of the soma that receive chemical and electrical messages are called _____.

Multiple choice question.

axons

glia

dendrites

nerves

Answer 23

dendrites

Question 24

In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord, the ________-producing glial cells are called the oligodendrocytes.

Answer 24

myelin

Question 25

The function of the ______ is to receive signals from the ______ and transmit signals through the ______. Multiple choice question. dendrites; soma; axons soma; dendrites; axons soma; axons; dendrites axons; dendrites; soma glia; axons; dendrites

Answer 25

soma; dendrites; axons

Question 26

Specialized glial cells that wrap around the axons traveling outside the human brain and spinal cord to form a myelin sheath are called _________ ____________

Answer 26

Schwann cells

Question 27

Projections arising from the cell body that send signals from neurons to nearby cells are called _____. Multiple choice question. dendrites axons glia nerves

Answer 27

axons

Question 28

Select all that apply What are the three main types of neurons? Multiple select question. Sensory neurons Stimulatory neurons Motor neurons Interneurons Inhibitory neurons Connecting neurons

Answer 28

Sensory neurons Motor neurons Interneurons

Question 29

______ are glial cells that help to maintain a stable concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid. Multiple choice question. Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Microglia Astrocytes

Answer 29

Astrocytes

Question 30

Sensory neurons are also called ______ neurons because they transmit information from the periphery to the CNS.

Answer 30

AFFERENT

Question 31

A type of glial cell that wraps around the axons to form a myelin sheath in the human brain and spinal cord is _____. Multiple choice question. microglia oligodendrocytes Schwann cells astrocytes

Answer 31

oligodendrocytes

Question 32

In the PNS, ______ wrap around the axons to form the ______. Multiple choice question. Schwann cells; myelin sheath oligodendrocytes; myelin sheath Schwann cells; central nervous system oligodendrocytes; central nervous system

Answer 32

Schwann cells; myelin sheath

Question 33

In contrast to motor neurons, sensory neurons have axons that _____. Multiple choice question. are short and highly branched bypass the cell body and project to the CNS are long to enable them to act on distant cells do not branch into two main processes

Answer 33

bypass the cell body and project to the CNS

Question 34

Neurons can be divided into three main types: __________ neurons, ________ neurons, and interneurons.

Answer 34

sensory and motor neurons

Question 35

Match the type of neuron to its appropriate description. sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron Long axon that does not branch into two main processes Short axons that are highly branched Long axon that branches into a peripheral process and a central process

Answer 35

Sensory and two processes motor and no branching into two processes interneuron and short with many branches

Question 36

Glial cells that provide metabolic support for neurons and are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier are called _____. Multiple choice question. Schwann cells oligodendrocytes microglia astrocytes

Answer 36

astrocytes

Question 37

Nerve impulses are generated by _____. Multiple choice question. changes in phospholipid fluidity in the membrane rotation of a key molecule in the membrane from a trans- form to a cis-form absorption of light by a key molecule in the neuron membrane differences in electrical charge across the membrane

Answer 37

differences in electrical charge across the membrane

Question 38

Which of the following neurons are also known as afferent neurons? Multiple choice question. Motor neurons Interneurons Sensory neurons

Answer 38

Sensory neurons

Question 39

The ______ of a neuron is the boundary separating the intracellular and extracellular ionic charges. Multiple choice question. plasma membrane cell body myelin sheath glia

Answer 39

plasma membrane

Question 40

The ______ is the difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell. Multiple choice question. action potential membrane potential graded potential resting potential

Answer 40

membrane potential

Question 41

Select all that apply Select all of the following that describe motor neurons. Multiple select question. They are efferent neurons. They have long axons that do not branch. They transmit signals away from the CNS. They have an axon that bypasses the cell body.

Answer 41

They are efferent neurons. They have long axons that do not branch. They transmit signals away from the CNS.

Question 42

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell not sending nerve impulses is _____. Multiple choice question. equilibrium potential resting potential graded potential action potential

Answer 42

resting potential

Question 43

In neurons, the interior is more negative than the exterior, as in all animal cells. Specifically, the ________ membrane potential of neurons is -70mv.

Answer 43

resting

Question 44

Nerve impulses involve changes in the amount of electric charge across a cell's plasma ________

Answer 44

membrane

Question 45

In an animal cell, the inner surface of the plasma membrane is typically rich with ions that have a _________ charge, while the outer surface has ions with a __________ charge.

Answer 45

negative and positive

Question 46

The neuron's plasma membrane _____. Multiple choice question. wraps around the axon in successive layers to insulate it facilitates the passage of neurotransmitters to the interior of the neuron separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation to generate ATP

Answer 46

separates the ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell

Question 47

The sodium-potassium pump transports ______ sodium ions ______ the cell for every ______ potassium ions it moves ______ the cell. Multiple choice question. two; into; two; out of three; out of; two; into three; into; two; out of two; out of; three; into

Answer 47

three; out of; two; into

Question 48

The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell is the ________ potential, whereas the _________ potential is the difference in charge of an unstimulated cell.

Answer 48

membrane and resting

Question 49

The sodium-potassium pump will not function unless it gets energy from _________

Answer 49

ATP or adenosinetriphosphate

Question 50

What is the resting potential? Multiple choice question. The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell immediately after the peak of a nerve impulse The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell at the peak of a nerve impulse

Answer 50

The electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside of a cell when it is not sending nerve impulses

Question 51

An electrochemical gradient for an ion is made up of the combined effect of the _________ and ____________ gradients for that ion.

Answer 51

electrical and chemical

Question 52

The resting potential of neurons is ______ inside the cell with respect to the extracellular fluid. Multiple choice question. 70mV - 100mV - 50mV 100mV -70mV

Answer 52

-70mV

Question 53

The change in membrane potential that occurs when the cell becomes less polarized is called _________

Answer 53

depolarization

Question 54

How do ions align along the cell's membrane? Multiple choice question. Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell's membrane. Negatively charged ions align along the outside, and positively charged ions align along the inside of the cell's membrane. There is an equal number of positively and negatively charged ions inside and outside the cell's membrane. Ions do not align along the cell's membrane.

Answer 54

Positively charged ions align along the outside, and negatively charged ions align along the inside of the cell's membrane.

Question 55

Which of the following would occur as sodium ions move into the cell? Multiple choice question. The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more negative than the resting membrane potential. The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly less negative than the resting membrane potential. The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential. The membrane potential would become hyperpolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.

Answer 55

The membrane potential would become depolarized because it would be slightly more positive than the resting membrane potential.

Question 56

The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to help maintain ______ of a cell by actively moving ions across the membrane. Multiple choice question. the action potential the resting potential the threshold potential

Answer 56

the resting potential

Question 57

Depolarizations and hyperpolarizations of the membrane that vary with the strength of a stimulus are called ___________ ___________

Answer 57

graded potentials

Question 58

Which of the following best describes how the sodium-potassium pump would be affected by a lack of ATP? Multiple choice question. The carrier protein would be able to pump out sodium, but not potassium. The carrier protein would be able to pump potassium, but not sodium. The carrier protein would not be affected by a lack of ATP because it depends on electrical charges to function. The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.

Answer 58

The carrier protein used to pump sodium and potassium would not function.

Question 59

Nerve impulses that carry electrical signals along an axon are called _________ potentials.

Answer 59

action

Question 60

The combined effect of electrical and chemical gradients is called a(n) __________ gradient.

Answer 60

electrochemical

Question 61

True or False: Action potentials are actively propagated along the entire axon. True false question. True False

Answer 61

True

Question 62

When the inside of a cell becomes ______ relative to the outside, ______ of the cell membrane is said to occur. Multiple choice question. less negative; hyperpolarization more negative; depolarization less negative; depolarization

Answer 62

less negative; depolarization

Question 63

The two factors affecting the speed of the action potential are ______ and presence or absence of ______. Multiple choice question. dendrite diameter; axons cell body size; sensory neurons the number of neurons; glia axon diameter; myelin

Answer 63

axon diameter; myelin

Question 64

The membrane is ______ as sodium ions move into the cell because the membrane potential is ______ than the resting membrane potential. Multiple choice question. hyperpolarized; less negative hyperpolarized; more negative depolarized; less negative depolarized; more negative

Answer 64

depolarized; less negative

Question 65

An insulating layer called the __________ sheath is formed by the wrapping of glial cells and helps to reduce charge leakage across the axon membrane.

Answer 65

myelin

Question 66

A(n) ______ is any depolarization or hyperpolarization whose amplitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus. Multiple choice question. graded potential threshold potential action potential equilibrium potential

Answer 66

graded potential

Question 67

Nodes of Ranvier are exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons that contain _____. Multiple choice question. voltage-gated K+ channels ligand-gated K+ channels ligand-gated Na+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels

Answer 67

voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 68

Which of the following refers to the movement of electrical impulses along the plasma membrane usually occurring in the animal's axons? Multiple choice question. Graded potential Action potential Hyperpolarization Electrical synapse

Answer 68

Action potential

Question 69

At a synapse the electrical or chemical signal moves from _____. Multiple choice question. axon terminal to next cell body dendrites to the axon hillock cell body to the dendrites axon hillock to axon terminal

Answer 69

axon terminal to next cell body

Question 70

An action potential is propagated along the axon with sequential opening of the ______ channels, leading to a ______ from the axon hillock to the axon terminal. Multiple choice question. K+; hyperpolarization Na+; depolarization Na+; hyperpolarization K+; depolarization

Answer 70

Na+; depolarization

Question 71

The tiny gap that allows a neuron to transmit an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to a target cell, such as a muscle or gland cell, is called a(n) _________

Answer 71

synapse

Question 72

Select all that apply The speed of conduction of the action potential is determined by two factors. What are they? Multiple select question. Axon length Neuron location Presence of myelin Membrane thickness Axon diameter

Answer 72

Presence of myelin Axon diameter

Question 73

Select all that apply What are the two main types of synapses? Multiple select question. Chemical Ligand-gated Excitatory Inhibitory Electrical Voltage-gated

Answer 73

Chemical Electrical

Question 74

Which of the following helps to reduce the loss of charge across the axon of a membrane by acting as an insulating layer? Multiple choice question. Neuromodulator Astrocytes Glia Myelin Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 74

Myelin

Question 75

A small signaling molecule released from the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft is called a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. oligodendrocyte neuron dendrite neurotransmitter

Answer 75

neurotransmitter

Question 76

Exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons containing many voltage-gated Na+ channels are called _____. Multiple choice question. synaptic integrators synaptic clefts inactivation gates nodes of Ranvier

Answer 76

nodes of Ranvier

Question 77

A neuron will receive many synapses occurring on its _____. Multiple choice question. cell body and myelin axon and cell body dendrites and cell body axon and dendrites

Answer 77

dendrites and cell body

Question 78

At the synapse, where a neuron meets a target neuron, the signal will pass from the axon ________ of the presynaptic neuron to the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.

Answer 78

terminal

Question 79

Neurotransmitters can be grouped as either _____. Multiple choice question. presynaptic or postsynaptic ion channels or ligand channels threshold or graded excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 79

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 80

The junction where a nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland and can communicate with other cells is called a _____. Multiple choice question. resting membrane neurotransmitter node of Ranvier synapse

Answer 80

synapse

Question 81

Researchers have identified two types of synapses: _______ and _________

Answer 81

chemical and electrical

Question 82

Ionotropic and metabotropic are the two types of _____. Multiple choice question. gated channels in the membrane of a neuron receptors in the presynaptic membrane action potentials generated by a neuron receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 82

receptors in the postsynaptic membrane

Question 83

A neurotransmitter is a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. cell that wraps around the axon of a neuron and speeds the conduction of nerve impulses small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells electrical charge used as a signal sent between cells nerve impulse that carries signals along an axon

Answer 83

small molecule used to send signals between nerve cells

Question 84

The treatment of neurological disorders very often involves therapeutic _________

Answer 84

drugs, medications, medicines, or pills

Question 85

A structure that can receive signals from synapses occurring on its dendrites or cell body is a(n) ______

Answer 85

neuron

Question 86

The various neurotransmitters are categorized by _____. Multiple choice question. method of transport through the cell size and structure location within the cell site of origin

Answer 86

size and structure

Question 87

The most common mood disorder(s) is/are _____. Multiple choice question. major depressive disorder bipolar disorder schizophrenia dissociative disorders

Answer 87

major depressive disorder

Question 88

Select all that apply Which of the following illustrate(s) how recreational drugs produce changes similar to those observed in neurological disorders? Multiple select question. Impair lung development Increase levels of activity Produce hallucinations Alter mood Increase appetite

Answer 88

Increase levels of activity Produce hallucinations Alter mood

Question 89

There are two major types of postsynaptic membrane receptors. These are called __________ and _________.

Answer 89

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 90

Select all that apply Which of the following are two diseases that result in disrupted neural conduction? Multiple select question. Congenital hypothyroidism Gout Multiple sclerosis Cystic fibrosis

Answer 90

Congenital hypothyroidism Multiple sclerosis

Question 91

Select all that apply Neurons that do not function properly can affect _____. Multiple select question. mood behavior food supply ability to think

Answer 91

mood behavior ability to think

Question 92

What percentage of men and women are affected by depression? Multiple choice question. 25% or less of men and less than 12% of women Less than 5% of men and more than 25% of women Less than 25% of men and between 25-50% of women 12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women

Answer 92

12% or less of men and between 10-25% of women

Question 93

True or False: Illicit drugs can produce imbalances in neurotransmission similar to that observed in neurological disorders. True false question. True False

Answer 93

True

Question 94

Human diseases involving a failure of action potential conduction in neurons are usually due to problems with _____. Multiple choice question. myelination dendrite formation chloride channels sodium channels

Answer 94

myelination