Chapter 35: Vertebrates (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards by NextLevel Syndrome

A vertebrate is an animal with a

Multiple choice question.

a backbone

a stomach

limbs

lungs

a backbone

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MATCH THE TERMS!

Cephalochordates
Urochordates
Vertebrata

Fishes
Lancelets
Tunicates

Cephalochordates
matches Lancelets

Urochordates
matches Tunicates

Vertebrata
matchesFishes

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The vertebrates include four main types of animals: _______, __________, __________, and __________.

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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Match each type of vertebrate with a key innovation their common ancestor with other vertebrates was the first to exemplify:

Veterbral column
Jaws
Bony Skeleton
Legs
Amniotic egg
Milk

A Ray-finned fishes
B Mammals
C Sharks
D Lampreys
E Reptiles
F Amphibians

1D
2C
3A
4F
5E
6B

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Select all that apply

Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

a notochord

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

structures that can sense the environment

a vertebral column

a cranium

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a vertebral column

a cranium

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Select all that apply

Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

a vertebral column

four legs or leglike appendages

jaws

fur

a cranium

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

multiple clusters of Hox genes

a vertebral column
a cranium
an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

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The presence of a vertebral column, a cranium, a neural crest, an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage, and a diversity of internal organs are the distinguishing characteristics of what group?

Multiple choice question.

Amniotes

Hominins

Tetrapods

Vertebrates

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Chordates are divided into three subphyla: ________, ____________, and ___________

Cephalochordates, urochordates, vertebrates

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Multiple clusters of _______ genes are thought to have been responsible for the complex morphologies of the vertebrates compared to invertebrate chordates.

Hox

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Select all that apply

Which of the following groups of animals are vertebrates?

Multiple select question.

Reptiles

Worms

Insects

Fishes

Amphibians

Lancelets

Mammals

Reptiles

Fishes

Amphibians

Mammals

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Jawless vertebrates belong to the class

Multiple choice question.

Amphibia

Chondrichthyes

Sarcopterygii

Cyclostomata

Reptilia

Cyclostomata

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Match each group of vertebrates with a key innovation that defines their common ancestor:

Vetebral column, cranium
Jaws
Legs
Amniotic Egg

Tetrapods
Vertebrates
Amniotes
Gnathostomes

1B
2D
3A
4C

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Marine cyclostomes that lack eyes, jaws, and vertebrae are:

Multiple choice question.

hagfish

lungfish

skates

tunicates

hagfish

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Which feature is common to both vertebrates and more primitive chordates?

Multiple choice question.

An endoskeleton of cartilage

An endoskeleton of bone

A notochord

A vertebral column

A notochord

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Select all that apply

Distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

jaws

a cranium

multiple clusters of Hox genes

four legs or leglike appendages

fur

a vertebral column

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

a cranium

multiple clusters of Hox genes

a vertebral column

an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

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What organisms can be characterized as jawless fishes with a rudimentary vertebral column surrounding a notochord?

Multiple choice question.

Lampreys

Lungfishes

Skates

Coelacanths

Lampreys

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How is the presence of multiple clusters of Hox genes thought to have influenced vertebrate evolution?

Multiple choice question.

They are responsible for the colonization of land by tetrapods

Giving rise to the development of the vertebral column

Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates

Giving rise to the development of the jaw

Allowing for an enlarged brain, which led to vertebrates colonizing a wider range of ecological niches

Allowing for more complex morphologies than those of invertebrate chordates

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Any vertebrate that has a mouth with jaws is known as a(n) __________

gnathostome

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What do members of the class Cyclostomata have in common?

Multiple choice question.

They are amniotes.

They are jawless.

They have lobed fins.

They descended from the dinosaurs.

They are direct ancestors of humans.

They are jawless.

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___________ are a diverse clade of vertebrates that includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Gnathostomes

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Select all that apply

Hagfish lack a number of characteristics that are found in most other vertebrates. Such characteristics include:

Multiple select question.

eyes

fins/appendages

cranium

brain

jaws

neural crest

vertebrae

eyes

fins/appendages

jaws

vertebrae

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Which of the following was the earliest lineage of gnathostomes to diverge?

Multiple choice question.

Amphibians

Reptiles

Lampreys

Fish

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Select all that apply

Traits that are unique to vertebrates include:

Multiple select question.

structures that can sense the environment

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a notochord

a cranium

a vertebral column

an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

a cranium

a vertebral column

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Select all that apply

Which of the following are clades of jawed fishes?

Multiple select question.

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Chondrichthyes

Cyclostomata

Amphibia

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

Chondrichthyes

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Characteristics of lampreys include: Multiple select question. a rudimentary vertebral column a hinged jaw an oil-filled swim bladder spawning in freshwater habitats a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years true appendages

a rudimentary vertebral column spawning in freshwater habitats a larval stage that lasts for 3 to 7 years

The evolutionary advent of the ______ was significant because it enabled animals to grip prey more firmly, and to attack larger species, thus increasing the available food supply. Multiple choice question. swim bladder keeled sternum amniotic egg jawed mouth

jawed mouth

All vertebrate species that possess jaws are called: Multiple choice question. chordates tetrapods craniates gnathostomes

gnathostomes

The hinged jaw of gnathostomes evolved from: Multiple choice question. gill arches the zygomatic arch of the skull the inner ear elements spinous processes

gill arches

Select all that apply Which of the following are gnathostomes? Multiple select question. amphibians reptiles lancelets jawless fishes lobe-finned fishes lampreys ray-finned fishes

amphibians reptiles lobe-finned fishes ray-finned fishes

The skeleton of Chondrichthyans is made of ___________, as oppose to bone.

cartilage

Fish were the earliest members of the ______ to diverge. Multiple choice question. tetrapods amniotes gnathostomes

gnathostomes

Select all that apply From a molecular phylogenetic point of view, which of the following animals are members of the monophyletic clade osteichthyans? Multiple select question. Stingray Hagfish Shark Horse Coelacanth Salmon Salamander

Horse Coelacanth Salmon Salamander

Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii are the two living clades of ______ fish. Multiple choice question. jawless chondrichthyan bony cartilaginous

bony

Select all that apply Which of the following best describes why the jawed mouth was a significant evolutionary development? Multiple select question. It broadened the range of available prey items.. It enabled more efficient prey capture. It enabled sound production. It increased the efficiency of filter feeding.

It broadened the range of available prey items.. It enabled more efficient prey capture.

Which of the following features differentiate bony fishes from cartilaginous fishes? Multiple select question. The lateral line system The swim bladder The operculum A bony skeleton Internal fertilization

The swim bladder The operculum A bony skeleton

The hinged jaw developed from gill __________, cartilaginous or bony rods that help to support the gills.

arches

Select all that apply Which of the following lineages evolved from a lobe-finned ancestor? Multiple select question. The lungfishes The sharks The tunicates The lampreys The coelacanths The tetrapods

The lungfishes The coelacanths The tetrapods

Chondrichthyans are known as the: Multiple choice question. jawed fishes jawless fishes bony fishes ray-finned fishes cartilaginous fishes

cartilaginous fishes

The transition to life on land involved a large number of adaptations. Paramount among these were adaptations preventing ____________ and making __________ and reproduction on land possible.

dessication; locomotion

According to modern phylogenetic systematics, which of the following groups are osteichthyans? Multiple choice question. All vertebrates with a bony skeleton Only tetrapods Only cartilaginous fish Only bony fish Mammals plus reptiles

All vertebrates with a bony skeleton

Select all of the following that are groups of bony fishes. Multiple select question. Cyclostomata Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes

Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii

Which of the following terms is used to describe vertebrates that have four legs or leglike appendages? Multiple choice question. Amniotes Gnathostomes Osteichthyans Tetrapods Lobe-finned fishes

Tetrapods

The presence of a bony skeleton, an operculum, and a swim bladder are features that distinguish ______ fish. Multiple choice question. bony all types of jawless cartilaginous

bony

Three lineages, the coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods, are thought to be derived from an ancestor that was a: Multiple choice question. lobe-finned fish lamprey cartilaginous fish hagfish

lobe-finned fish

Vertebrate limb development is controlled by groups of genes called _________ genes, which are present in all animals.

hox

Limbs, a sturdy vertebral column and hip bones, lungs, and desiccation-resistant skin are all adaptations for what type of lifestyle? Multiple choice question. Fossorial Terrestrial Marine Arboreal Aquatic

Terrestrial

Amphibians have successfully invaded the land; however, most are tied to water for ___________.

reproduction

Birds, mammals, lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles form a group known as the _______, united by the fact that they all possess a hard-shelled egg.

amniotes

Vertebrate animals that have four legs or leglike appendages are in a group called the ___________, which includes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

tetrapods

The development of the shelled egg is considered to be a "key innovation" primarily because it meant that: Multiple choice question. eggs could develop independent of water the egg-layer did not have to rely on external fertilization it increased the rate of embryonic development the pelvic girdle of tetrapods had to shift to accommodate the laying of a hard-shelled egg young tetrapods had to be precocial enough to break out of a tough-shelled egg

eggs could develop independent of water

Give the terms for the structures of the amniotic egg described below. A disposal sac for metabolic wastes produced by the developing embryo: _________ A sac enclosing a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo: ____________ sac. The innermost membrane, which protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac: ___________. Along with another structure, provides gas exchange between the embryo and the surrounding environment: _____________

allantois, yolk, amnion, chorion

Why is the classic scheme of amniote classification being disputed? Multiple choice question. Because birds share many characters with reptiles Because crocodiles may not be traditionally ectothermic Because birds are warm-blooded Because snakes, lizards and turtles are very different Because mammals are sufficiently different from other egg-laying amniotes

Because birds share many characters with reptiles

What critical innovation evolved in the common ancestor of the amniotes? Multiple choice question. A vertebral column Feathers Jaws A hard-shelled egg Tetrapody

A hard-shelled egg

Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Confuciusornis are transitional forms between Multiple choice question. mammals and reptiles. birds and mammals. dinosaurs and birds. reptiles and amphibians.

dinosaurs and birds.

A critical innovation in animal evolution was the development of a(n) ___________ egg that shelters the developing embryo from desiccating conditions on land.

shelled

Scaly feet and shelled eggs are features that reflect the __________ ancestry of birds.

dinosaur

Most birds share a generalized body shape because of the strict demands of ___________.

Flight

Match the structures of the amniotic egg with their functions. ``` Amnion Yolk sac Allantois Chorion Albumin ``` the innermost membrane; protects the developing embryo within a fluid-filled sac encloses a stockpile of nutrients for the developing embryo gas exchange; acts as a disposal sac for metabolic wastes gas exchange stores nutrients; also known as "egg white"

``` 1A 2B 3C 4D 5E ```

Mammals evolved from small mammal-like ______ that went extinct about _______. amphibians; 170 mya amphibians; 53 mya reptiles; 170 mya reptiles; 53 mya

reptiles; 170 mya

Modern systematists have argued that the classic amniote classification scheme should be revised to better reflect shared characters between _________ and classic reptiles.

birds

Select all that apply What characteristics distinguish the mammals? Multiple select question. Endothermy Mammary glands Specialized teeth Hair Internal fertilization Enlarged skull

Mammary glands Specialized teeth Hair Enlarged skull

Select all that apply Transitional forms between dinosaurs and modern birds include: Multiple select question. Confuciusornis Caudipteryx Pterosaurs Stegosaurus Archaeopteryx Tyrannosaurus

Confuciusornis Caudipteryx Archaeopteryx

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics of modern birds that reflect their reptilian ancestry? Multiple select question. Air sacs Feathers Hollow bones Shelled eggs Scaly legs and feet

Shelled eggs Scaly legs and feet

The three main types of mammals are: ___________, _____________, and placental mammals.

Monotremes; Marsupials

What is the MOST significant constraint on avian morphology? Multiple choice question. Reproduction Flight Diet Habitat

Flight

The first _______ appeared in the fossil record around 225 million years ago, in the mid-Triassic period. Multiple choice question. birds primates gnathostomes amphibians mammals

mammals

The four features that distinguish mammals are the possession of mammary glands, __________, specialized ________, and an enlarged __________.

fur; teeth; cranium

Milk is important for young mammals to promote rapid ___________

growth

Match the clade of mammals with its appropiate description. Prototherians Metatherians Eutherians Placental mammals Marsupial mammals Egg-laying mammals

Proto and eggs Meta and Mars Euth and placental

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is Question 1 options: a skeleton made of cartilage vertebrae. a skull calcified (hard) bones. jaws and a swim bladder.

a skeleton made of cartilage

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the oldest needles found in archaeological sites date back to about Question 2 options: 10,000 years. 40,000 years, 72,000 years. 100,000 years.

40,000 years,

Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record? Question 3 options: sophisticated stone tools upright walking (bipedalism) increased brain size a very long period of parental care

upright walking (bipedalism)

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, the last common ancestor of human head lice and chimp head lice existed Question 4 options: 100,000 years ago, on an early human. 20 milliion years ago, on an early ape ancestor. 6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.

6 million years ago, when ancestral chimps and hominins diverged.

A distinguishing feature of the Squamata is their Question 5 options: hard shell. external fertilization. kinetic skull. shell-less eggs.

kinetic skull

How could a primatologist distinguish between a monkey and an ape? Question 6 options: Binocular vision Grasping hands No claws Tail All of the above are found in apes and monkeys.

Tail

The human lineage began to diverge from those of other primates about Question 7 options: 210 million years ago. 5-6 million years ago. 64 million years ago. 18 million years ago. 153 million years ago.

153 million years ago WRONG

The hominin group includes Question 8 options: all anthropoids. Homo sapiens only Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives. humans and all other apes.

Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.

What is the function of the lateral line? Question 9 options: Amplifying the light that reaches the eyes. Sensing the electrical signals given off by living organisms. Attracting mates by flashing bright colors. Pumping oxygenated water across the gills. Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.

Detecting movement by sensing changes in water pressure.

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that human pubic lice is most closely related to the lice found on what other primate? Question 10 options: chimpanzees old world monkeys gorillas gibbons

Gorilla

A paleontologists finds a relatively complete skeleton but isn't sure if it is a hominin fossil or one of the other apes. Which of the following features would not help distinguish between the two choices? Question 11 options: position of the opening in the skull for the spinal cord the design of the pelvis -- how wide or how narrow the relative length of the hind limbs vs. the upper limbs the position of the eyes All of the above would be useful

the design of the pelvis -- how wide or how narrow WRONG

In our Tale of Three Lice case study, we learned that the data supported the conclusion that human head lice and pubic lice shared a last common ancestor that lived on a hominin host about 6 million years ago. Question 12 options: True False

True WRONG

All humans alive today have inherited their mitochondrial DNA from some individual female common ancestor. Studies indicate this woman probably lived about ________ years ago, when fossil evidence indicates that Homo sapiens was restricted to ________. Question 13 options: 180,000; Africa 500,000; Africa, Asia, and Europe 50,000; Africa and Asia 20,000; Africa

180,000; Africa

Dinosaurs are most closely related to Question 14 options: amphibians crocodilians lizards mammals turtles

crocodilians

The swim bladder is an organ in primitive fish from which the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates developed. Question 15 options: True False

false

Chapter 35: Vertebrates (Questions/Quiz) Flashcards

(84 cards)